History: weel 30 2nd year

• Blood sacrifice


  The rebels would give up their lives for the good of the future of Ireland
• Commemoration


  A ceremony in which a person or an event is remembered
• Conscription


  When it is made compulsory for men aged 18 and over to join the military for a period of time
• Guerrilla warfare


  A tactic involving ambushes and hit-and-run methods
• Reprisal


  An act of retaliation against local people in revenge for attacks on British organisations
• Dominion


  A self-governing country within the British Empire
• Regulars


  IRA supporters of the Treaty, also called the Free State Army
• Irregulars


  IRA members who were against the Treaty
• Partition


  Separation of the north and south of Ireland into two different states
• Sectarianism


  Conflict and hatred based on a religious divide
• Gerrymandering


  The rearrangement of voting districts to benefit one political party
• Sinn Féin rose in popularity and won 73 of 105 seats in the 1918 General Election
• The party abstained from attending Westminster and formed a Dublin government (Dáil Éireann) in the Mansion House, Dawson St, on 21 January 1919
• The War of Independence


  1. Began on 21 January 1919 with the ambush of an RIC unit in Tipperary

  2. The Irish used guerrilla warfare, the Squad and flying columns

  3. The British brought in the Black and Tans and the Auxiliaries

  4. A truce was called on 11 July 1921
• Negotiations


  1. Began in London in October 1921

  2. The Irish delegation was led by Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins

  3. The British delegation included David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill

  4. On 6 December 1921 they signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty
• The Dáil debated the Treaty


  1. From December 1921 until January 1922

  2. Split into a pro-Treaty side and an anti-Treaty side

  3. On 7 January 1922, the Treaty was accepted by 64 votes to 57
• The IRA also split into pro-Treaty members (known as the Irish Free State Army, or Regulars) and anti-Treaty members (Irregulars)
• The Irish Civil War

  1. Began on 28 June 1922 when Michael Collins shelled the Four Courts, then occupied by the Irregulars under Rory O'Connor

  2. Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins both died in August 1922

  3. W. T. Cosgrave became President of the Dáil and Kevin O'Higgins became Minister for Home Affairs, including law and order

  4. The Public Safety Act allowed a sharp crackdown

  5. The Civil War ended on 24 May 1923
• The Civil War caused many deaths and bitter local divisions, and would shape Irish political divisions into the future
• Nationalism and unionism both continued their rise between 1914 and 1923
• Nationalism went from its goal of Home Rule via the Easter Rising, a declaration of statehood and the War of Independence to having Sinn Féin in the Dáil, showing the growth of nationalist ideas during this time
• Unionists had a form of Home Rule as a result of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and the Unionist Party remained in power in Northern Ireland
• The events of 1916-1923 continue to have a huge impact on Ireland: generations on both sides of the border are still influenced by these events, and political parties and beliefs stemming from this period are still in existence
• Large farmers


  Farmers who rented more than 30 acres
• Small farmers


  Farmers who rented between 5 and 30 acres
• Cottier


  A labourer who rented 1 acre from a farmer
• Catholic emancipation


  The goal for Catholics: that they be allowed to sit in parliament
• Parliamentary tradition


  The use of peaceful political means to achieve political change
• Potato blight


  A fungus that spreads in damp and humid weather and destroys potato crops
• Eviction


  When someone is forced out of their home
• Laissez-faire


  The attitude that a government should not interfere in the economy, as it would correct itself eventually
• Workhouse


  A large building where people worked in return for basic accommodation and food
• Soup kitchens


  Places that gave soup to starving people who were not in workhouses
• Irish diaspora


  The scattering of Irish migrants and their descendants across the world
• Limited industrialisation took place around Dublin and Belfast. Most of the country remained rural and most farmers were small landholders who rented from landlords
• Factories brought thousands of people to work in the cities, where they lived in cramped and dirty conditions. They worked long hours for low pay and were susceptible to many diseases because of poor sanitation and diet
• Catholics were excluded from sitting in parliament. Daniel O'Connell campaigned for Catholic emancipation in the 1820s. He was successful through the use of mass protests and peaceful campaigning. However, he failed to achieve the repeal of the Act of Union in the 1840s
• Ireland's population had doubled in under a century, reaching around 8.2 million by 1841
• Causes of the Great Famine (1845-1850)

  • A rise in population
  • Poverty
  • Subdivision of land
  • Reliance on the potato
  • Work in exchange for rent rather than cash
  • Potato blight
• The British government was slow to act when the potato blight hit. Some help came eventually in the form of maize, public works schemes and workhouses. However, most help came from voluntary and charity organisations in the form of soup kitchens and donations