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•       Society – group of people that shares territory, interaction, and culture.
• 1.       FILIPINO SOCIAL MEDIA PHENOMENON –Filipinos earned the title of “Social Networking Capital of the World.”

  2.       FILIPINO TEXT MESSAGING PHENOMENON - the art of texting provides Filipinos a convenient vehicle with which to express themselves

  • 3.       ASWANG PHENOMENONFilipinos equate aswang with the country’s social evils-more of a symbolic social evil which harms the people rather than a real monster.
• BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT

  1.       LEGISLATIVE -responsible for making laws

  2.       EXECUTIVE -the one who implement the laws; responsible for the overall governance of the state

  • 3.       JUDICIARY -the one who interpret the laws
• RECIPROCITY - transactions between two socially equal parties having the same status with regards to values of goods or services
• GENERALIZED RECIPROCITY -a form of transaction which utilizes gestures that expresses personal relationships than economic transaction
• BALANCED RECIPROCITY -the giver is expected to gain something in return
•       NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY-practiced using deceiving ways to gain profit
•       STATE INSTITUTION -have state functions and are established to govern the state
•       NON-STATE INSTITUTION -International actors who are largely or completely autonomous from the state
• examples of non state inst.

  ex.

  BANK -it is a place where people deposit or save their money

  CORPORATION -legal unit that is distinct from its owners.

  COOPERATIVES -jointly owned enterprises

  NON-GOV’T ORGANIZATIONS -It refers to an organization which is independent of government involvement
• Types of Society

        Hunting & Gathering – they survive by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants.

        Pastoral – they raised animals to provide milk, fur, and blood for protein.

        Horticultural – they rely on cultivating fruits, vegetables, and plants.

        Agricultural – use technological advances to cultivate crops; there’s an increase of food supply

        Industrial – use technology and machinery to enable mass production

        Post-Industrial – spread of computer technology

   
• 1.       FORMAL EDUCATION-usually takes place in the premises of the school; classroom setting with trained teachers non-teaching staff
• 1.     NON-FORMAL EDUCATION-takes place outside of the formal educational classroom setting to develop the skills of the learners
• 1.     INFORMAL EDUCATION-not studying in a school and do not use any particular learning method
• Cultural relativism – the practice that one must understood in the context of their locality; practice by assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture
• ROLES OF EDUCATION

        For a happy and stable life in the society

        Makes you confident

        Makes you self–dependent

        Helps you understand the world
•       Subculture – have a specific and unique set of beliefs and values that set them apart from dominant culture
•       Enculturation -process of learning one's native culture
•       Counter Culture – A group that actively rejects the dominant cultural values and norms
• SOCIAL STRATIFCATION

        it refers to a process of interaction or differentiation whereby some people come to rank higher than others; division in society into different classes or layers.
• CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL STRATIFCATION

      SOCIAL -biological traits do not determine social superiority and inferiority until they are socially recognized

      ANCIENT -stratification on the basis of age, sex, physique, and economic position

      UNIVERSAL -higher castes and lower castes, found in all the communities around the globe

      DIVERSE -societies around the globe have not been uniform

      CONSEQUENTIAL STRATIFICATION-the members of a class have similar social chances but the social chances vary in every society.
• TYPES OF SOCIAL STRATIFCATION

  1.     SLAVERY -the ownership of people; the most closed system

  2.     ESTATE SYSTEM -defined by control over land

  3.     CASTE SYSTEM -born into unequal groups depending on the status of their parents

  4.     CLASS SYSTEM -form of stratification allows for much easier up or down-moving; far the most open

  5.     CLASSLESS SYSTEM -some large nations have done their best to eliminate stratification
• SOCIAL MOBILITY

  ability to rise in rank or improve one’s social status by gaining power, wealth and prestige
• UPWARD MOBILITY-one is able to upgrade, their social status or rise in rank.
• 1.       DOWNWARD MOBILITY -social status was downgraded because of unfortunate instances.
• HORIZONTAL MOBILITY

        happens when one’s slight change in situations does not affect their social standing
• SOCIAL INEQUALITY

        is the state of unequal distribution of valued goods and opportunities
• SOCIAL CAPITAL-refers to the connection of individuals within the society

  POLITICAL CAPITAL-refers to the trust, good will, and influence possessed by a political actor, such as politician

  SYMBOLIC CAPITAL-refers to the resources that one possesses which is a function of honor, prestige or recognition, or any other traits

   
•       Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program (4P’s)-government program that provides conditional cash grants
•       Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)-seeks to solve the centuries old problem of landlessness in rural areas
•       Sangguniang Kabataan (SK)-has the provisions that prohibits political dynasty
•       Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act-law that institutionalizes free tuition and exemption from other fees in State Universities and Colleges (SUC’s), Local Universities and Colleges (LUC’s) in the Philippines
•       Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development (PPGD)- meant to give Filipino women a more active and participatory role in the development process
•       MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN-comprehensive women’s human rights law  that seeks to eliminate discrimination
• Family – the first and the closest contact a child has since they were born.

  Peers – social group of people of the same age group

  School – develops an individual's knowledge, values, and skills to become productive member of a society.

  Church – socialization in religious organizations are centered on religious belief system.

  Mass Media – brings spreads cultures and knowledge across the world near to an individual
• CONTEXT OF SOCIALIZATION

  BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT-some hormones encourage human to interact and socialize with other people

  PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT-composed of emotional states and unconsciousness, cognitive theories of development, social and historical events, and social position as part of the context.
• ME-part of self-created through socialization

  i- part of self that reacted to the attitude of the others
• ID – pleasure and demands gratification

  EGO – “The Decision-Maker”

  SUPEREGO – conscience
• TRANSFORMATIONSTHE TWO (2) WAYS TO ADDRESS SOCIAL INEQUALITIES IN Local AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 

  1.       THROUGH POLICY LEGISLATION -we have laws within the Philippines that advance the rights of women

  2.       THROUGH PROMOTING CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS -the key to this will be to teach the public, both in formal settings such as schools as well as through well-known media.
• THE THREE (3) WAYS TO ADDRESS GLOBAL AND INTERNATIONAL INEQUALITIES

  1.     FORMATION OF REGIONAL GROUPS-the countries started forming Regional Organizations to ensure mutual cooperation and economic development. 

  2.     ENTERING INTO BILATERAL TREATIES AND PACTS- an agreement or arrangement made by negotiation

  3.     RECOURSE TO INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS-Set contracts on issues as varied as climate change, transnational crime, international development