plant cells

• cell wall

  = supports the cell and stops it from bursting.

  • made of cellulose= allows wall to be flexible and strong.
  • thin layer called middle lamella= marks boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements adjacent cells together.
  • contains pores called plasmodesmata= to allow water to pass.
  • protects the cell from invading pathogens.
• chloroplast 


  = trap light energy which is used in photosynthesis for the production of carbohydrates/sugars for the plant.

  • stroma= fluid enclosed in chloroplast, contains enzymes.
  • thylakolds= flaterned sacs.
  • granum= several thylakolds stacked together.
  • contains own DNA and ribosomes to make proteins for photosynthesis.
• permanent vacuole 


  = contains a solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids and waste.

  • makes cell turgid.
  • sugars and amino acids act as temporary food stores.
  • single membrane around is called tonoplast= selectively permeable.