part 1: growth of democracy

• what was Article 48?

  a part of Weimar Constitution that gave the president the right to rule in a time of crisis, without requiring the support of the Reichstag
• what was the part of Weimar Constitution that gave the president the right to rule in a time of crisis, without requiring the support of the Reichstag?

  article 48
• what was the role of the German Chancellor?

  to determine who will be in the Reichstag (government) since they have the right to form the cabinet. It is the third highest position in Germany
• what is the German word for emperor?

  kaiser
• who was Kaiser Wilhem II?

  the last Emperor and king of Prussia, ruling the German empire and Prussia from 15th June 1888 to 9th November 1918
• what land did Germany lose as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?

  lost 10% of their land, gave colonies back to France, and the Rhineland was demilitarised
• what were the Freikorps?

  a group of soldiers who fought in WW1 but were unemployed after the restriction of the Treaty of Versailles on the army
• who were a group of soldiers who fought in WW1 but were unemployed after the restriction of the TOV on the army?

  freikorps
• what was the Kellog-Brand Pact 1928?

  a pact signed by Germany in 1928 and an additional 61 other countries, signed in agreement not to declare war on each other
• when was the Kellog-Brand Pact signed?

  1928
• what blame did Germany have to take as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?


  Germany were expected to take full blame and responsibility for the start of WW1
• what is socialism in Germany?

  everyone in society being equal with oppurtunities, it is left wing ideology linked with the SPD
• who was Frederick Ebert?

  the first president of Germany from 1919 until he died in office in 1925, he contributed to restoring peace and suppressing the left wing
• what are right wing politics?

  often refers to political parties that advocate free enterprise and favours socially traditional ideas. Nazi party, People's party, and Nationalists are left wing
• what is weltpolitik?

  german word for world policy, Kaiser Wilhem II wanted Germany to be a global power
• what was the Dawes Plan 1924?

  under the plan, Germany's annual reperation payments were reduced, they would increase as the economy improved. They were reduced from $6.6 billion to $50 million a year and Germany recieved loans from the USA
• who were the spartacists?

  they were a Marxist revolutionary movement organised in WW1, they sought to establish a communist government in Germany
• what was the spartacist uprising?

  an armed uprising that took place in Berlin from 5th to the 12th January 1919. They sought to establish a communist government in Germany
• what was proportional representation in Germany?

  an issue in the Reichstag as even the smallest parties had to be represented which made it hard to get a majority vote and pass laws
• what were left wing politics in Germany?

  left wing political parties advocated for socialism, the Communist Party and the Social democrats were left. Ebert, when in office, worked hard to surpress left wing politics in Germany
• what was the Bundestrat?

  the bundestrat (state of representatives) approval was needed before laws could be made, in practice, it was very powerful
• what was the Treaty of Versailles?

  a treaty signed by the leaders of the UK, USA, and France in 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference
• when was the great depression?

  1929
• what caused the Great Depression?

  The Wall Street Crash in the USA. The USA economy collapsed meaning they could no longer loan money to Germany, also then affecting the German economy.
• what was the SPD?

  (social democratic) were a left wing political party in 1918. The SPD member, Ebert was the chancellor of Germany from November 1918
• what was Weimar culture?

  an era of cabaret, no censorship, homosexuality wasn't taboo, cinema and literature, and new architecture styles. Women were given more freedom, being allowed to vote, wear makeup, and overall express themselves more
• what and when were the 'golden years'?

  Weimar culture, 1923 to 1929
• when were the Stresemann years?

  1924 to 1929
• who was Gustav Stressemann years?

  he was appointed chancellor in 1923, he contributed to restoring peace in Germany after WW1. October 1929, he dies and stability undoes in Germany
• what was the 'PIE' that Stressemann wanted to achieve in Germany?

  P- political stability

  I- improved international relations

  E- economic recovery
• what was the Weimar Republic?

  the government that took over after WW1, however they weren't very well liked due to the Dolchstoss Legend and blamed for Germany's problems
• when did the Munich Putsch take place?

  8th to 9th November 1923
• what was Munich Putsch?

  there was a hyperinflation crisis that faced the Weimar government and Hitler took advantage by instigating a revolution. Hitler understood the failure, fled the scene but was found, captured, and arrested 2 days later
• what happened to the German army as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?

  Germany's military/army was reduced down to only 100,000 men, other elements such as tanks, aircraft, and submarines were also reduced/banned
• when was the Kapp Putsch?

  March 1920
• what was the Kapp Putsch?

  an attempt to overthrow the SPD. It was carried out by army members, Freikorps members, and right wing Nationalists
• what is the Reichstag?

  the Reichstag discussed and voted on the laws that the Kaiser and his ministers drew up. However, the Reichstag couldn't propose laws itself
• when was the Young Plan?

  1929
• what was the Young Plan 1929?

  the plan reduced Germany's reparations to 121 million gold marks, making it payable over 58 years
• when was the Rentenmark introduced?

  November 1923