Final Exam

• Broken Windows Theory


  Social disorder causes a decline in overall conditions that leads to more crime
• Zero Tolerance Policing


  Very aggressive strategy where law violators are treated formally

  Doesn't take into account conditions surrounding infractions
• Goal of the Investigations Unit


  Identify, locate and arrest suspects
• Forensics


  Scientific method or technique that can be used in court
• CSI Effect


  The perception of scientific testing by television viewers
• Watchman Style


  Order maintenance style of policing
• Legalistic Style


  Law enforcement and arrests
• Service Style


  Alternatives to arrest and the use of formal sanctions
• Intuitive Approach


  Little more than an educated guess concerning the appropriate number of police personnel
• Comparative Approach


  Involves comparing the number of police officers between cities of similar characteristics or the ratio of police officers to population
• Workload Analysis


  An elaborate information system with defined levels of police performance for computing the number of appropriate police personnel
• Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment


  Patrol normally allocated to preventative patrol could be safely assigned to more productive crime control strategies based on targeted crime prevention and service goals rather than routine preventative patrol
• Police-Community Reciprocity


  Police feel as though the public they serve has something to contribute
• Areal Decentralization of Command


  Substations, mini-stations, and other attempts to increase interaction between police officers and the public they serve in a particular geographc area
• Reorientation of Patrol


  Moving between car and foot patrol to increase interaction with citizens
• Civilianization


  Employing civilians in a wider variety of positions
• Problem-Oriented Policing


  Department-wide strategy aimed at solving persistent community problems
• Compstat


  Collection and analysis of data from crime maps and other performance measures while holding police administrators accountable for their performance as measured by the data collected
• Intelligence-Led Policing


  Tends to focus on threats rather than crimes that have occurred
• Evidence-Based Policing


  Using the scientific method to support an informed decision-making process
• Hot Spot Policing


  Focus on geographic areas with clusters of criminal offenses occurring within a specified interval of time
• Differential Response Policing


  Classification of calls by their seriousness to determine the appropriate police response
• Saturation Patrol


  Adding patrol officers to a specific area to increase police visibility
• Crackdowns


  Increase in the number of police targeted toward a specific type of law violation
• Situational Crime Prevention


  Reduction in crime opportunities and increasing the risk to offenders
• Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)


  Proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in the fear of crime and incidences of crime
• Pulling Levers Policing


  Focuses on a small number of chronic offenders responsible for a large share of the crime problems
• Procedural Justice Policing


  Based on empirical research and demonstrates that compliance with the law and willingness to cooperate with enforcement efforts are primarily shaped by the strength of citizens' belief that law enforcement agencies are legitimate
• Factors that contribute to police subculture

  Laws

  Bureaucratic Control

  Adventure or Machismo

  Safety

  Competence

  Morality
• Personal pitfalls of police stress


  Desensitization

  Prejudice

  Cynicism

  Burnout
• Top 5 traumatic events for officers


  Child Abuse

  Killing of an Innocent Person

  Conflict with Regulations

  Domestic Violence Calls

  Hurting a Fellow Police Officer
• Criminal Law


  Body of law established to maintain peace and order to protect society from the injurious acts of individuals
• Civil Law


  Defines and determines the rights of individuals to protect their persons and property
• Procedural Law


  Rules that police officers and prosecutors have to follow
• Bill of Rights


  First 10 Amendments to the Constitution
• Probable Cause


  Reasonable to believe that a crime has occurred or is about to occur to get a warrant or arrest someone
• Plain View Doctrine


  If a police officer sees an incriminating object in plain view during a legitimate stop, they may seize the incriminating object
• Inventory Searches


  If a vehicle is impounded, it can be searched without a warrant
• Terry v. Ohio (1968)


  Established the necessary standard
• Totality of Circumstances


  An officer must have a particularized and objective basis for suspecting that a particular individual is or has been involved in criminal activity