biology - disease

• non-communicable disease pass person to person
• communicable diseases are caused by pathogens
• what do the 4 pathogens do ?


  cause disease
• 4 pathogen are

  bacteria , virus, fungi, protist
• name 3 disease which are caused by virus


  measle,hiv,tobbaco mosaic virus
• symptoms of measle= fever , red skin rash

  spread of measle=breathing droplets from coughing / sneezing
• Whats does HIV infect= white blood cell

  symptoms of HIV=flu

  spread of HIV=sharing needles
• symptom of tobacco mosaic virus= discoloured patches on the leaf
• name 2 diseases caused by bacteria?


  salmonella and gonorrhoea
• symptoms of salmonella = fever , stomach cramps , diarrhoea

  spread =infected food
• symptom of gonorrhoea= thick yellow/green discharge from vagina / penis

  gonorrhoea spread by = sexual contact

  gonorrhoea treated by = antibiotic (bacteria)
• whats a disease caused by fungi?


  rose black spot
• symptom of rose black spot = black spots on leaf

  rose black spot spread by = water and wind

  rose black spot treated by = remove infected leaf
• whats a disease caused by protist ?


  malaria
• symptom of malaria=fever

  vector of malaria=female mosquito

  spread of malaria reduced =mosquito nets
• risk factor for lung disease 


  smoking
• risk factor for heart disease 


  smoking and not enough exercise
• risk factor for obesity


  not enough exercise
• risk factor for cancer


  smoking, sunbrun
• risk factor for type 2 diabetes


  high diet sugar
• harmful effect of smoking 


  cancer and heart disease
• alcohol damages ?


  brain and liver
• 2 types of tumour ? 


  benign and malignant
• what does benign do ?


  does not spread
• what does malignant do ?


  has cancer and spreads
• which non specific defence protect the body 


  skin and mucus in the nose
• which cell defends body against pathogen ?


  white blood cell
• list 3 ways white blood cell defend the body 


  make antitoxins , make antibodies , phagocytosis
• what does it mean to be immune ?


  you wont get ill
• how can you be immune ?


  vaccination
• what is inside vaccination?


  weak pathogen
• painkillers = reduce symptom , not kill bacteria

  antibiotic = kill bacteria
• why cant antibiotic kill virus ?


  virus is inside body cell
• which drug comes from foxgloves = digitalis

  which drug comes from willow tree= asprin
• why do drugs need to be tested?


  to check if they work and if theyre safe
• preclinical = cell tissue, live animal

  clinical = healthy volunteers , patients
• placebo = dummy drug

  blind drug or placebo = patients do not know which one theyre being given

  double blind drug trial = patient and doctor do not know whats being given