U.2-3 (1250-1750)

• Shi'a

  • Sect of Islam
  • Successors of the Prophet Muhammad should come from his bloodline
  • Safavids were a Shi'a Empire
• Twelvers

  • Are a Shi'a sect that believes that twelve, divine Imams succeeded the Prophet, Muhammad.
• Imam


  Islamic person who leads prayers in a mosque. Or a Muslim Leader/Teacher
• Sunni

  • the largest sect of Islam
  • Successors of the Prophet just need to be a righteous person
  • The Ottoman Empire was the Sunni
• Sufi

  • Islamic mysticism (spirits n stuff)
• The divine faith

  • Made by Akbar, ruler of Mughal Empire
  • Combination of aspects of Sufism, Islam, Hinduism
• Sikhism

  • Formed in India
  • Influenced by Sufism (spirits n stuffs)
  • Means this is a spiritual religion
• Peter the Great 1672-1725

  • Russian Tsar, made the gov an Absolute Monarchy
  • Promoted Western Europe ideas
• Boyars

  • Land owning elites in Russia, like Nobles
• Ivan the Terrible

  • killed alot of people
  • expanded Russia Eastwards
• Cossacks

  • peasants hired from Straganov family to fight
• Muslim Gunpowder Empires

  • Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals
• Ottomans

  • Expanded through military conquest
  • Besieged Constantinople in 1453
  • Meritocracy
  • Actually pretty tolerant
• Safavids

  • Military conquest using Shi'ism as a unifying force
  • Empires politics and religion were closely relateed
  • tried to westernize
• Mughals

  • Begun when Babur The Tiger invaded Northern India
  • Under Akbar (Babur's Grandson) centralized government
  • Divine Faith (Islam + Hinduism) Did not work, Sikhism evolved from this
• Akbar

  • Mughal Ruler
  • The most tolerant due to many religious beliefs in his nation
• Zamindar

  • Mughal and Ottoman tax collectors
• Taj Mahal

  • Palace-like structure in India under Shah Jahan
  • Tomb for his wife

  
• Versailles

  • Louis XIV made a palace that became his court here. Louis had Absolute power in his court.
  • The power being centered in the court made the nobility lose all their power, and they were forced to live in the place.
  • The court helped make his empire the largest building empire in Europe (France)
• Protestant Reformation

  • increased Christian followers because of increased diversity
  • Breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church
• Indulgences

  • Pay your way out of purgatory
• Martin Luther

  • Attacked Roman Catholic Churches, using the 95 theses, saying they were doing things wrong.
  • Translated the bible into vernacular(common) languages so that people can read and understand for themself.
• What started the Protestant Reformation

  German leaders saw Martin Luther's breaking away from the Church as a chance to split from the pope. Siding with Luther made Lutheranism (Protestant deviant of Catholicism) popular.
• John Calvin

  • French theologian who created Calvinism
  • Believed in predestination, everything that is happening in your life is determined by God
  • Those predestined to go to heaven ran the community in Geneva
• Henry VII

  • Created Anglicanism cause he wanted a male heir but because his wife kept giving him daughters, he wanted to remarry, but the Pope didn't allow that.
  • Set up a new church of England (Anglican Church)
• What did the Protestant Reformation cause

  • 30 years war, ended in the Peace of Westphalia
  • Increased Christians
  • Counter-Reformation
  • Spanish Inquisition
  • Witch Hunts
  • Scientific Revolution
• Counter-Reformation

  • Jesuits - Society of Jesus
  • Religious order founded in 1540 undertook missionary activity through the Spanish Empire, Japan, and India
  • Council of Trent, council that corrected mistakes of the Church
• Spanish Inquisition

  • Spaniards persecuted non-Christians trying to bring back catholicism
  • Executed and deported, even if the converted still persecuted
• Witch Hunts

  • Most prominent in regions with tension between Catholics and Protestants
• Scientific Revolution

  • Francis Bacon: created empirical research, scientific method
  • Deism: the belief that god does not interfere with nature
  • Copernicus: understood universe is heliocentric
• Tokugawa Shogunate

  • Japan was completely under the rule of one shogun, crashing the feudal system.
  • Stable time
  • Oda Nobunaga, who got guns from Portugal to get power, assassinated -> Toyotomi Hideyoshi, continued to consolidate power -> Tokugawa leyasu, declared shogun, creating the Tokugawa Shogunate which led to the Period of Great Peace.
• Edo period

  • Period without foreign influence
  • Started by Tokugawa Leyasu
• Manchus

  • Community of hunters, fishermen, and farmers Northeast of China
  • Conquered China making the Qing Dynasty
• Qing Dynasty

  • Increased the number of people able to take the civil service examination, some cheating and corruption occurred however
  • China's land and people expanded greatly
  • Marked the last imperial dynasty in China
  • The second time China was not ruled by its people.
• Suleiman the Magnificent

  • Ottoman Empire was ruthless and slaughtered many in war. During his reign, the Ottomans controlled the majority of the world.
  • Tolerant and respectful
  • A slave woman that Suleiman loved manipulated Suleiman to assassinate his sons, leading Roxelana's (Slave) son become Sultan, however he was an idiot
• Devshirme


  An Ottoman system where Ottoman men would steal or buy Christian boys and raise them as Muslims. and then put them in the military.
• Jainsarries


  Person who is brought to the military due to Devshirme
• Growth of Trade

  • European Crusades caused want for Eastern Products
  • China wanted gold and Silver, Whereas Europe wanted silk, tea, and rhubarb
  • Caravans, banks, junk ships, camel saddles, caravansary, and trading cities facilitated the growth of trade
• What helped Trade

  • Mongols unifying all of the trade routes was the driving factor in the increase of long-distance trade.
  • Trading cities like Kashgar and Samarkand
• What was Traded

  • India: Cotton, steel, tanned leather, stonework, pepper
  • Malaysia: nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, cardamon
  • Swahili Coastal Cities: slaves, ivory, gold
  • China: silk, tea, porcelain, rhubarb
  • Middle east: horses, figs, dates