Bio 321

• Uniformitarianism


  Earth changes in uniform ways and the past is the key to the present
• Gradualism


  Earths features are a result of accumulating gradual changes
• Malthus believed that populations grow exponentially therefore they will outstrip their natural base
• Cuvier strongly opposed the theory of catastrophism
• catastrophism


  earths surface and landscape is explained by sudden short-lived events
• Lyell advocated for uniformitarianism and gradualism
• Darwin and Wallace proposed theory of evolution
• Mendel proposed principles of inheritence
• Phylogeny means the evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
• Order the Linnean Classification and Taxonomy:

  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Taxonomy refers to the study of naming and classifying organisms
• Systematics is the study that shows the distinctive characteristics of species and how they're related to other species'
• Hennig is best known for developing the idea of phylogenetic systems
• Biological species concept refers to the idea that a species consists of individuals that are able to mate, reproduce and produce viable offspring
• Cladogenesis is the branching of a lineage into 2 or more descendant lines
• Anagenesis is the evolutionary change of various characteristics occuring in each descendant
• Pseudoextinction is a phenomenon in which a taxon changes by anagenesis over time until it is so different from the ancestor in which it is reclassified as a new taxon
• A clade is a grouping including a common ancestor and all its descendants
• Sister groups are monophyletic groups most closely related to each other
• Outgroup is a taxon outside the group of interest. They may represent ancestral features
• Rooted trees represent the most basal ancestors of the tree
• Basal means the foundation, base or essence of a tree
• Monophyletic describes a group of organisms that form a clade
• Polyphyletic describes a group that does not share an immediate common ancestor and does not form a clade
• Paraphyletic describes a group of organisms that share a common ancestor although it does not include all the descendants of the ancestor
• Homologous adaptations are due to shared ancestry but do not serve the same function
• Analogous adaptations are developed separately (do not have a common ancestor) similar function
• Convergence refers to similar appearance but not common ancestry Could be analogous but not homologous
• Parallelism is independent evolution of similar structures from a common ancestor
• characters are characteristics of an organism
• Plesiomorphy is an evolutionary trait that is homologous within organisms but not unique
• Symplesiomorphy is a character that is shared by all descendants of a common ancestor
• Apomorphy is a special trait unique to a group of organisms or species
• Synapomorphy is a character or trait that is shared by all members of a group derived through evolution