psychology unit 1

• Aggression - defined as antisocial behaviour that harms or intends to harm a person or thing.
• hostile aggression (impulsive or reactive) - typically unplanned and characterised by strong emotions, normally anger out of perceived threat or frustration and is referred to as ‘hot-blooded’
• instrumental aggression (proactive) - carefully planned with the intention of achieving a goal or purpose. it is rational and done in order to accomplish an aim and is referred to as ‘cold-blooded’ this reward can be intrinsic eg a feeling of pleasure or extrinsic eg monetary gain.
• relational aggression - this involves damaging relationships. for example gossiping. it can be hostile by sending angry text or social media post in the heat of the moment due to frustration or anger. it can be instrumental if used as part of a plan to undermine an individual
• verbal aggression- involves using words as psychological weapons to damage another person. this can include swearing or shouting.
• gender = a social construct that is generally based on the norms, behaviours and social roles expected of individuals based primarily on sex.
• gender = a social construct that is generally based on the norms, behaviours and social roles expected of individuals based primarily on sex.
• sex = whether you are biologically male or female, that is having XY or XX chromosomes.
• gender fluid = A person is gender-fluid when they don't identify solely as male or female, and their gender identity changes over time.
• androgyny = an attributional term used to describe an individual who possesses similar (high) levels of stereotypical “feminine” and “masculine” psychological attributes or characteristics.
• gender dysphoria = the feeling of discomfort or distress that might occur in people whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth or sex-related physical characteristics
• behavioural economics = the study of psychological processes in economic decisions made by individuals and institutions. it includes ‘nudging’ which is persuasion by indirect means such as positive reinforcement and priming. psychology is used across different media platforms to buy a product through advertising and is used to encourage employees towards being more productive
• apps and social media: direct correlation between app use and consumer actions, the more captivating the app, the more likely users are to spend. engaging apps contribute to increased sales and customer spending
• consumer behaviours = refers to how people arrive at decisions about the products and services to purchase, and all the activities that influence those decisions. these include product recognition and campaigns to change public opinion
• product recognition = advertisements that aim to make consumers more aware of a product, similar products often are in competition for the greatest market share, so it becomes crucial to making your product more recognisable
• campaigns for change = advertisements that try and change peoples views about a product or brand eg cigarette ads are used to try overcome peoples negative attitudes towards smoking in order to increase sales