PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - FINALS

• Netiquette


  Conventions for social and professional behavior in order to succeed in society, in professional, and in academic life
• Injunctive Norms


  Refers to the strategies imposed about 'the' appropriate behavior in a given situation
• Descriptive Norms


  Refers to the perception of how the majority of us actually behave
• Appropriate Online Behaviors


  • Be Scholarly
  • Be Respectful
  • Be Professional
  • Be Polite
• Research


  A scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic
• Research Process


  1. Formulating the Research Problem

  2. Extensive Literature Survey

  3. Developing the Hypothesis

  4. Preparing the Research Design

  5. Determining Sample Design

  6. Collecting Data

  7. Analysis of Data

  8. Testing the Hypothesis

  9. Generalization and Interpretation

  10. Reporting a Research
• Literature Review


  Surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant, and by so doing, provides a critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated
• Importance of Literature Review


  • Describes the relationship of each work to the others under consideration
  • Identifies new ways to interpret prior research
  • Reveals any gaps that exist in literature and resolves conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies
  • Identifies areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort
  • Locates your own research within the context of existing literature
  • Points the way in fulfilling a need for additional research
  • Locates your research within the context of existing of existing literature
• Ways to Organize Literature Review

  • Chronology of Events
  • By Publication Order
  • Thematic
  • Methodological
• InfoTrac Custom Journals


  A database of journals selected by your library. It is a one-stop source of new and periodical articles covering a wide range of topics
• Citations


  The means by which credit are given to researchers and writers upon using their work in our papers
• Two Styles in In-Test Citation

  • Author – Date In-Text Citation
  • Parenthetical Citation
• Referencing Styles


  • American Psychological Association (6th Edition - 2009, 7th Edition - 2019)
• Plagiarism


  Deliberate or reckless representation of another's words, thoughts, or ideas as one's own without attribution
• Plagiarism Varieties

  • Direct Plagiarism
  • Self-plagiarism
  • Mosaic Plagiarism
  • Accidental Plagiarism
• How to Avoid Plagiarism

  • Carefully outline your paper before writing, making clear which source is yours or which comes from the outside
  • Properly double-check your bibliography making sure you included all the needed information in the right order
  • Scrutinize your sources by determining the author's voice in his or her field, the author's affiliation, and the novelty of the author's information
  • Do not rush as you neglect to acknowledge your source
  • Include the full reference details of each source and acknowledge the work of others
• Netiquette


  Conventions for social and professional behavior in order to succeed in society, in professional, and in academic life
• Injunctive Norms


  Refers to the strategies imposed about 'the' appropriate behavior in a given situation
• Descriptive Norms


  Refers to the perception of how the majority of us actually behave
• Appropriate Online Behaviors


  • Be Scholarly
  • Be Respectful
  • Be Professional
  • Be Polite
• Be Scholarly


  • Use language that best makes sense of your intention
  • Use correct grammar and spelling for intelligibility
  • Avoid doing the Discussion Forum task as mere compliance as it serves the purpose of getting your voice or feedback heard
• Be Respectful


  • Respect privacy, diversity and opinions of others
  • Communicate tactfully. In case of disagreements on ideas, do it in a polite and respectful manner
  • Avoid sharing to other class your online interactions in one of your classes for hasty generalization
• Be Professional


  • Always represent yourself well. Remember that what you say and how you say it represent you as a brand
  • Be truthful, accurate and run a final spell check before hitting Reply or Send
  • Limit the use of slang and emoticons
  • Turn your microphone off when it is not your turn to talk
  • Avoid using profanity or participating in hostile interactions
  • Avoid taking screenshots and posting these on Facebook to validate points that you join online classes, thereby disrespecting your professor/instructor or classmates' privacy
• Be Polite


  • Address others by name or appropriate title and be mindful of your tenor or tone
  • Treat your professors/instructors and classmates as if you were in a face-to-face situation
  • Avoid using sarcasm, being rude or writing in all capital letters
• Research


  A scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic
• Research


  • A scientific procedure used to discover answers to questions
  • Seeks to find out truth which has not yet been discovered
  • People undergo research due to various motives such as desire to get a research degree, desire to face challenge in solving the unsolved problems, desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work, desire to be of service to the society, and desire to get respectability
• Formulating the Research Problem


  1. Research begins with a problem which needs solution

  2. The component of specifying questions in the process of formulating a research problem aims at transforming the originating questions into a series of observations in a particular concrete situation, necessitating collection of empirical data, so as to seek possible answers to the originating questions in terms that satisfy the rationale fruitfully
• Extensive Literature Survey


  1. Effective research is based on past knowledge, must always take advantage of the knowledge which have been preserved or accumulated earlier

  2. Review of literature remains in the fact that it provides the researcher with an indication of the direction, updates information relating to researcher's own problem, avoids the replication of the study of findings, provides the scope for analogy and formulating the hypothesis
• Developing the Hypothesis


  1. Next step in the process of research is the formulation of a tentative explanation of the problem in the form of a proposition wherever feasible

  2. This tentative explanation or assumption or proposition refers to a conjectural statement or the relation between two or more variables and its tenability remains to be tested
• Preparing the Research Design

  1. A research design is the general blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data incorporating what the researcher will have to perform from formulating the tentative generalizations and their operational definitions to final analysis of data

  2. Sampling Design - describes the different sampling methods to be used for selection of units for study

  3. Observational Design - describes the ways in which the observations are made

  4. Statistical Design - deals with the statistical techniques to be applies in the analysis and interpretation of data

  5. Operational Design - deals with the specific techniques by which the entire operation of research is to be carried out
• Determining Sample Design


  Researcher embarks upon deciding the way of selecting a representative sample which is popularly known as the sample design
• Collecting Data


  1. Secondary Data - collected from books, journals, newspaper, reports of the earlier studies etc.

  2. Primary Data - to be collected either through experiment or through survey
• Analysis of Data


  After completion of the collection of data, the researcher embarks upon the analysis of these data. This involves a number of operations such as establishment of categories, the application of these categories to raw data through coding, tabulation. Thereafter, statistical inferences are drawn
• Testing the Hypothesis


  In many instances, a hypothesis is refuted and researched must reformulate their conclusion
• Generalization and Interpretation


  After the hypothesis is tested and found valid, it becomes possible on the party of researcher to reach the stage of generalization, which may be construed to be the real value of research
• Reporting a Research


  1. Research report is the end product of a research activity which gives an account of a long journey on the path of finding a new knowledge or modified knowledge

  2. Research report is purposely for transmission of knowledge, presentation of findings, examining the validity of the generalization, and inspiration for further research
• Literature Review


  • Surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant, and by so doing, provides a critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated
  • Designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study
  • Related literature and studies are placed in each work in the context of its contribution to understanding the research problem being studied
• Importance of Literature Review


  • Describes the relationship of each work to the others under consideration
  • Identifies new ways to interpret prior research
  • Reveals any gaps that exist in literature and resolves conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies
  • Identifies areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort
  • Locates your own research within the context of existing literature
  • Points the way in fulfilling a need for additional research
  • Locates your research within the context of existing of existing literature
• Important Reminders for Literature Review

  • Finding models through reviewing the literature to examine how authors in your discipline or area of interest have composed their literature review sections
  • Narrowing the topic makes it easier to limit the number of sources you need to read in order to obtain a good survey of relevant sources
• Ways to Organize Literature Review


  • Chronology of Events
  • By Publication
  • Thematic
  • Methodological