Internal factors

• Point 1 - For

  Harvey and Slatin - White MC were labelled to be more successful which has impacts on the interactions between teacher and pupil affecting label of deviant or normal [Waterhouse]

  Harley, Sutton and Jacobson - All conducted studies which demonstrated the impact of labelling on educational achievement

  Some ethnic minorities still succeed in school despite being not labelled as the ideal pupil so labelling cannot be the biggest impact on educational achievement
• Point 2 - For

  Ball - Lower stream pupils were encouraged to take vocational routes to succeed rather than the typical routes. Smyth also found these pupils had more negative views on education which suggests more likely to join anti-school subcultures and form nike identities [Archer]

  This has direct impact on educational achievement as it means these groups are less likely to be focused on by the educational triage as they are labelled to be failing
• Point 3 - Against

  Bernstein - Language codes spoken by those in wc (restricted) homes is inadequate for succession in school as elaborated is preferred seen through exams marking for SPaG and quality of language. This is furthered by Engelmann who applied the same idea to working class black boys

  Language ceased to be a problem by the age of 16 according to Bollard and Driver
• Point 4 - Against

  Palmer - Half ethnic minorities are low income. More crowded housing and more develop to develop illnesses [Howard] and anxiety [Wilkinson]. Girls are seen to be needing more protection and therefore are victims of bedroom culture, leaving them with nothing to do but school work

  Fuller - Some pupils are able to turn their anger from inequalities into success in achievement
• Point 5 - Against

  Troyna & Williams - Look at institutional racism to explain differences. Gillborn suggests schools are racist due to marketisation and their access to opportunities. Barber - Boys see themselves are more capable than they are due to the confidence they get from patriarchy

  Mitsos & Browne - Girls are more successful in coursework which many qualifications offer bc they are more organise and conscientious