Infection and response

• What are the 4 pathogens?


  Virus, bacteria, protist and fungi
• What does the infected host plant or animal do?

  Provides ideal conditions for the pathogen to grow and reproduce
• What do pathogens do?


  Bacteria produces toxins to damage tissues
• What can bacteria and viruses do?

  Reproduce inside the body
• How to prevent the spread of direct contact?


  Wash hands, isolate, use condoms
• How to reduce spread of contaminated water?


  Sterilise water with chemicals, boil water
• How does air spread disease?


  When the infected person sneezes or coughs they suspend pathogens into the air
• What is the symptoms of measles?


  Fever, red skin rash
• How is measles transmitted?


  Direct contact
• How to prevent the spread of measles?

  Isolation, vaccination
• What are the symptoms of HIV?


  flu - attacks immune cells
• How is HIV transmitted?


  Sexual contact
• How to prevent the spread of HIV?

  Condoms, don’t share needles
• How is TMV transmitted?

  Contact with infected plant
• How to prevent the spread of TMV?


  Selective breeding, crop hygiene
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?


  Green discharge, pain when urinating
• How is gonorrhoea transmitted?


  Sexual contact
• How to prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?


  Condoms, limit sexual partners
• How is gonorrhoea treated?


  Antibiotics
• What are the symptoms of salmonella?


  Fever, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea
• How is salmonella transmitted?


  Eating food where bacteria is present - invades tissues secreting toxins
• What type of cell is fungi?


  Eukaryote - single celled organism
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?


  Black/purple spots on leaf, leaf turns yellow and drops off
• How is black rose spot spread?

  Water and wind
• How is black rose spot treated?

  Fungicides sprayed onto leaves, remove infected leaves
• How is malaria spread?


  When a mosquito bites an infected person to feed on its blood containing protists. Mosquito becomes infected and infects others when it bites
• What are the symptoms of malaria?


  Fever, headache, fatal
• How is malaria prevented?


  Mosquito nets as they are most active at night, prevent from breeding by draining water from ditches
• How does skin prevent spread of pathogens?


  Glands in the skin secrete substances with antimicrobial properties to kill pathogens
• How does the stomach prevent the spread of pathogens?


  Cells of the stomach wall produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens in food
• How does the nose prevent the spread of pathogens?


  Lined with hairs which trap pathogens suspended in the air reducing infection of lungs
• How does the tranchea/ bronchi prevent the spread of pathogens?


  Cells produce mucus trapping pathogens inhaled the air. Bronchi has cilia which sweeps mucus to the throat to be swallowed
• When does the immune system activate?


  When a pathogen gets through non-specific defences.
• What does the immune system rely on?


  Phagocytes and lymphocytes
• How to phagocytes defend the body against disease?


  Pathogens taken into the cytoplasm then enzymes break it down and engulf the pathogens
• How do lymphocytes defend the body against disease?


  Detect proteins on their surface that act as antigens to produce the right type of antibodies that bind to the pathogen, produce antitoxins that neutralise toxins to act as memory cells to provide immunity
• What do vaccines do?


  Stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies
• What do white blood cells do?


  Destroy the pathogens quickly so the person doesn’t become ill
• What do antibiotics do?

  Cure bacterial diseases
• Where was penicillin collected from?


  Micro organisms but now made artifically