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Parts of an animal cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cell
membrane function
Control the entry and
exit
of
substances
into the cell
Cytoplasm function
Where
chemical
reactions happen
inside
the cell
Ribosome function
Protein synthesis -
make proteins
Nucleus function
Control the
cell activities
Mitochondria function
Where
aerobic
respiration happens to provide
energy
for the cell
Plant cells also have a
nucleus
,
ribosomes
, and mitochondria
Additional
parts of a plant cell
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Cell wall
Chloroplast
function
Absorb
light energy
for photosynthesis
Vacuole
function
Support
the cell
structure
Cell wall function
Provide
strength
, made of
cellulose
Both
animal and plant cells are classified as
eukaryotic
cells - have a nucleus</b>
Prokaryotic
cells
Cells
without
a nucleus, e.g.
bacteria
Parts of a bacterial cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Flagellum
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Chromosome
Flagellum function
Used for
moving
/
swimming
Plasmids
Small extra loops of DNA that often contain useful
genes
like
antibiotic
resistance
Bacterial
cell wall
For structure and protection, not made of
cellulose
prokaryotic cells have no mitochondria chloroplasts and no nucleus
plant cells and prokaryotic cells: both have a
Specialized cells
Cells that change their
size
,
shape
and internal structures to carry out specific functions
Plant
specialized cells
Root hair cells
Xylem
Phloem
Cell differentiation
The process where different
genes
are turned
on/off
in cells to change their shape and structures, allowing them to become specialized
Stem cells
Undifferentiated
cells that can differentiate into different cell types
Plant
cells can differentiate throughout their life, animal cells mostly differentiate early and then just divide by
mitosis
Optical/
light
microscope
Uses light to magnify images, can see
nucleus
and
mitochondria
Electron
microscope
Has much higher magnification and resolution, can see
smaller
structures like
ribosomes
Preparing a microscope slide
1. Add drop of
water
2. Add thin piece of
tissue
(e.g. onion skin)
3. Stain with
iodine
4. Lower coverslip
5. Place on microscope stage
6. Start at lowest power lens
7. Use coarse focus to focus
8. Increase
magnification
power
9. Use fine focus to focus at
higher
magnification
Chromosomes
Coiled structures containing
DNA
, arranged in pairs in the
nucleus
Cell cycle
The process a cell goes through to prepare for and undergo cell division (
mitosis
)
Mitosis
The process of one cell dividing into
two
genetically
identical
daughter cells
Stem
cell types
Embryonic
, adult stem cells, meristem
Therapeutic cloning can produce
stem
cells genetically
identical
to the patient
There are ethical issues around using embryonic stem
cells
Diffusion
The net movement of particles from an area of
high
concentration to an area of
low
concentration
Stem cells
Cells that can be grown into different types of cells, e.g. blood cells,
nerve
cells,
pancreatic
cells
Using embryonic stem cells
Raises ethical issues
as the embryo cannot
consent
Using
adult
stem cells
Avoids
ethical issues as the person can
consent
Unused embryos being destroyed is not accepted by some people as they view the embryo as
potential life
There is a risk of
viral infection
or cancer when using stem cells as they can
divide
rapidly
Diffusion
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, a
passive
process that does not require
energy
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