Particles

• Filtration is used to separate an insoluble from a solution
• Dissolve is when a solute is mixed with a solvent to forma solution
• soluble-a substance that dissolves
• insoluble - a substance that does not dissolve
• solute-the substance that dissolves in the solvent
• solvent- substance which a solute dissolves in
• solution-a mixture of two or more substances
• mass of reactants=mass of products
• evaporation is used to separate a soluble solid from a solution
• melting is when a solid turns into a liquid
• freezing is when a liquid turns into a solid
• condensation is where water vapor changes back into liquid form
• sublimation is the change directly from a solid to gas without passing through a liquid state
• melting point iss the tempherature at which a substance melts
• altitude is how high we are
• evaporation: the process of turning from liquid into vapour
• boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid turns to gas
• when the inner surface is hit by particles it creates preesure
• boiling is when the water boils and turns into steam, the particles in the liquid vibrate faster and faster
• diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• 4 things affecting gas pressure

  • Temperature
  • altitude
  • volume
  • concentration of particles
• solid does not flow and cannot be compressed and fixed until force is applied
• liquid is not compressible, it does flow and takes the shape of the container
• gas is compressible does flow and takes the shape of the whole container
• pure substance contains only one element
• impure substance contains more than one element
• Paper chromatography


  A method for separating dissolved substances from one another
• Paper chromatography is often used when the dissolved substances are coloured, such as inks, food colourings and plant dyes
• Ink


  A solution of dyes dissolved in a solvent of water or oil
• How paper chromatography works

  Some of the coloured substances dissolve in the solvent better than others, so they travel further up the paper
• Steps in paper chromatography

  1. A pencil line is drawn, and spots of ink or plant dye are placed on it

  2. There is a container of solvent, such as water or ethanol

  3. The paper is lowered into the solvent

  4. The solvent travels up through the paper, taking some of the coloured substances with it

  5. As the solvent continues to travel up the paper, the different coloured substances spread apart
• Separated coloured substances in paper chromatography

  • Yellow
  • Red
  • Black
• Fractional distillation is a method for separating a liquid from a mixture of two or more liquids. For example, liquid ethanol can be separated from a mixture of ethanol and water by fractional distillation. This method works because the liquids in the mixture have different boiling points.

  When the mixture is heated, the liquid with the lowest boiling point boils first. The vapour condenses in the condenser before the other liquid boils. The long fractionating column ensures that the second liquid does not get into the condenser until most of the first one has been removed.
• fractional distillation is used to separate a mixture of liquids into two or more liquids