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Kaplan
Biology
Chap 1
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Cells carry genetic information in the form of
DNA.
Viruses are not considered
living
organisms.
Eukaryotic cells contain a true
nucleus
enclosed
in a
membrane.
Prokaryotic cells do not contain a
nucleus.
The membrane of eukaryotic cells consist of a
phospholipid bilayer.
The outside of the membrane is
hydrophilic
while the inner portion is
hydrophobic.
The
cytosol
allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell.
In the
nucleus
, genetic information is encoded in
DNA.
Eukaryotic cells reproduce by
mitosis.
Mitosis allows for the formation of
two
identical
daughter
cells.
The genetic material (DNA) contains coding regions, called
genes.
Linear DNA is wounds around proteins called
histones.
The
nucleolus
permits rRNA to be synthesized.
The
cristae
increases the surface area available for the electron transport train enzymes.
Mitochondria are
semiautonomous
, they contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via
binary fission.
Apoptosis
is programmed cell death.
Lysosomes
contain hydrolytic enzymes that breakdown cellular waste products.
Endosomes
transport, package, and sort cell material that's traveling to and from the membrane.
Rough
ER
permits the translation of proteins that are destined for secretion directly into its lumen.
Smooth
ER
is utilized for lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons.
Transportation of proteins:
RER
to
SER
to
Golgi Apparatus.
One of peroxisomes main functions is
B-Oxidation.
Microfilaments are made up of
rods
of
actin.
Actin filaments are resistant to
compression
and
fracture
, providing protection for the cell.
Actin filaments use
ATP
to generate force for movement by interacting with
myosin.
Cleavage furrow is formed from
microfilaments.
Microtubules are hollow polymers of
tubulin
proteins.
Cilia
are involved in the movement of materials along the surface of the cell.
Flagella
are involved in the movement of the cell itself.
Centrioles
migrate to opposite poles of the dividing cell and organize the
mitotic spindle.
Intermediate
filaments
are involved in cell-cell adhesion and maintenance of the overall integrity of the
cytoskeleton.
Intermediate filaments
help anchor other organelles.
Epithelial tissues
cover the body and line its cavities.
Epithelial tissues provide a means for protection against
pathogen invasion
and
desiccation.
Epithelial cells contribute the
parenchyma
, which is the functional parts of the organ.
Connective tissues contribute to the
stroma
, support structure.
Examples of connective tissues:
bone
,
cartilage
,
tendons
,
ligaments
,
adipose
tissue
, and
blood.
Cells in the connective tissue produce/secrete materials such as
collagen
and
elastin
to form the
extracellular matrix.
Prokaryotes do not contain
membrane bound organelles.
Prokaryotes have their genetic material organized into
single circular
molecule of DNA.
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