Chap 1

• Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA.
• Viruses are not considered living organisms.
• Eukaryotic cells contain a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane.
• Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus.
• The membrane of eukaryotic cells consist of a phospholipid bilayer.
• The outside of the membrane is hydrophilic while the inner portion is hydrophobic.
• The cytosol allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell.
• In the nucleus, genetic information is encoded in DNA.
• Eukaryotic cells reproduce by mitosis.
• Mitosis allows for the formation of two identical daughter cells.
• The genetic material (DNA) contains coding regions, called genes.
• Linear DNA is wounds around proteins called histones.
• The nucleolus permits rRNA to be synthesized.
• The cristae increases the surface area available for the electron transport train enzymes.
• Mitochondria are semiautonomous, they contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission.
• Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
• Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that breakdown cellular waste products.
• Endosomes transport, package, and sort cell material that's traveling to and from the membrane.
• Rough ER permits the translation of proteins that are destined for secretion directly into its lumen.
• Smooth ER is utilized for lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons.
• Transportation of proteins: RER to SER to Golgi Apparatus.
• One of peroxisomes main functions is B-Oxidation.
• Microfilaments are made up of rods of actin.
• Actin filaments are resistant to compression and fracture, providing protection for the cell.
• Actin filaments use ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin.
• Cleavage furrow is formed from microfilaments.
• Microtubules are hollow polymers of tubulin proteins.
• Cilia are involved in the movement of materials along the surface of the cell.
• Flagella are involved in the movement of the cell itself.
• Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the dividing cell and organize the mitotic spindle.
• Intermediate filaments are involved in cell-cell adhesion and maintenance of the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton.
• Intermediate filaments help anchor other organelles.
• Epithelial tissues cover the body and line its cavities.
• Epithelial tissues provide a means for protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation.
• Epithelial cells contribute the parenchyma, which is the functional parts of the organ.
• Connective tissues contribute to the stroma, support structure.
• Examples of connective tissues: bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood.
• Cells in the connective tissue produce/secrete materials such as collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix.
• Prokaryotes do not contain membrane bound organelles.
• Prokaryotes have their genetic material organized into single circular molecule of DNA.