REPRO PPT NI MAAM

• Reproductive Strategies


  Ensures perpetuity of life
• Types of reproduction


  • Asexual reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction


  • Results in new organisms formed by mitotic cell division producing offspring that are genetically similar to their parents
• Sexual reproduction


  • Involves the fusion of gametes or sex cells from 2 parents which are produced thru meiosis, resulting to genetically unique offspring
• Asexual reproduction methods


  • Binary fission
  • Budding
  • Spore formation
  • Fragmentation
  • Vegetative reproduction
  • Parthenogenesis

  
• External fertilization


  • Usually occurs in aquatic animals where gametes are released from both the male & female animals, and the fusion takes place outside the body
• Internal fertilization


  • Among terrestrial animals, is a strategy used to prevent dehydration of the gametes on land. Enhances the fertilization of eggs by a specific male. Survival rate is higher
• Functions of the male reproductive system


  • Production of sperm cells
  • Sustaining & transfer of the sperm cells to the female
  • Production of male sex hormones
• Functions of the female reproductive system


  • Production of oocytes
  • Reception of sperm cells from the male
  • Nurturing the development of & providing nourishment for the new individual
  • Production of female sex hormones
• Male reproductive structures


  • Testes
  • Epididymides
  • Ductus deferentia/Vas deferens
  • Urethra
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral glands
  • Scrotum
  • Penis

  
• Scrotum


  • Saclike structure containing the testes, composed of skin, connective tissue, dartos muscle, cremaster muscles
• Testes/Male Gonads


  • Oval organs; each about 4-5 cm long, containing seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells/cells of Leydig

  
• Epididymis


  • Tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules that form a comma-shape structure on the posterior side of the testis, for maturation of sperms

  
• Ductus Deferens or Vas Deferens


  • Main sperm duct, forms the spermatic cord together with testicular artery & nerve, testicular nerve & lymphatic vessel, about 45cm long

  
• Seminal Vesicle & Ejaculatory Duct


  • Sac-shaped gland that produces viscous, alkaline part of semen, 1" duct in the prostate gland that converge from seminal vesicle & ampulla of ductus deferens to eject spermatozoa into urethra
• Urethra


  • 3 divisions: prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra, passageway for both urine & male reproductive fluids

  
• Penis


  • 3 columns of erectile tissue: 2 corpora cavernosa (dorsal & side), corpus spongiosum (ventral), glans penis, prepuce/foreskin, external urethral orifice

  
• Seminal Vesicle Secretion


  • Produces 60% of fluid which is thick, mucus-like with fructose & other nutrients, proteins for coagulation & enzymes that destroy abnormal sperms, and prostaglandins that contract female tract for transport of sperms
• Semen


  Mixture of sperms & seminal fluids, 2-5 mL normal volume, 100M sperms/mL

  
• Series of reflexes in male sexual act


  • Erection
  • Secretion
  • Emission
  • Ejaculation
  • Orgasm
  • Resolution
• Ovaries


  • Ovarian follicles at its outer part, each contains an oocyte, loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves at inner part, where Oogenesis begins in a 4mo. fetus, each ovary with 5M oogonia where oocytes develop
• Primary Oocyte


  • 2M at birth, 300,000-400,000 from birth up to puberty, 400 will complete development and be released
• Uterine Tubes


  • Fallopian tube or oviduct, fimbriae at its opening with cilia that sweeps oocyte from ovary to uterus, ampulla where fertilization occurs
• Uterus


  • Fundus, body, cervix, uterine cavity & cervical canal, perimetrium (serous layer), myometrium (muscular layer), endometrium (innermost), round ligament, broad ligament, skeletal muscle of pelvic floor support
• Vagina


  • Female copulatory organ, receives penis during coitus, allows menstrual flow & childbirth, outer muscular layer & inner mucous membrane, hymen
• External genitalia


  • Vestibule
  • Clitoris & Prepuce
  • Labia minora & labia majora
  • Greater Vestibular/Bartholin's gland & Lesser Vestibular/Skene's gland
  • Mons pubis
  • Pudendal cleft
  • Clinical perineum
• Mammary Glands


  • Organs of milk production in the mammae/breasts, nipple & areola, each with 15-20 glandular lobes possessing a single lactiferous duct, lobules, alveoli, myoepithelial cells that surround the alveoli & contract to expel milk, suspensory ligaments that support
• Female sexual act reflexes


  • Erection
  • Secretion
  • Orgasm/Climax
  • Resolution
  • Successive orgasms
• Behavioral methods of pregnancy control


  • Abstinence
  • Coitus interruptus
  • Rhythm Method
• Barrier methods of pregnancy control


  • Condom
  • Vaginal or Female Condom
  • Diaphragm
  • Cervical Cap
  • Spermicidal agents & douches
  • Lactation
• Chemical methods of pregnancy control


  • Oral contraceptives
  • Patch
  • Vaginal Contraceptive Ring
  • RU486 or Mifepristone drug
  • Morning-after pills
• Surgical methods of pregnancy control


  • Vasectomy
  • Tubal ligation
  • Abortion
• Intrauterine Device (IUD)


  • Prevents implantation
• Stages of animal development


  • Gametogenesis
  • Fertilization
  • Cleavage
  • Gastrulation
  • Organogenesis
  • Differentiation & Growth
• 3 germ layers of the blastula


  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
• Key terms


  • Ovulation
  • Fertilization
  • Implantation
  • Gestation
  • Zona pellucida
  • Acrosome
  • Polyspermy
  • Blastula
  • Blastocyst
  • Inner cell mass
  • Gastrulation
  • Trophoblast
  • Morula
  • Gastrula
  • Embryo
  • Fetus