biological molecules

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mia

Cards (76)

what is a monomer
smaller units from which larger molecules are made
what is a polymer
molecules made from many monomers joined together
what reaction joins monomers together
condensation reaction
what happens in a condensation reaction
two monomers are bonded together, water is removed
what separates polymers
hydrolysis
what happens in a hydrolysis reaction
two monomers are separated, water is added
which monomers make up a polysaccharide
monosaccharides
what are common monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
what bonds form when monosaccharides join
glycosidic bond
what is maltose
a disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules
what is sucrose
a disaccharide formed from a condensation reaction between a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule
what is lactose
a disaccharide made up of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule
what is an isomer
molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula
what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose
the OH group on alpha glucose is below the carbon
what is glycogen and what is it made of
a complex carbohydrate, a polysaccharide made from multiple a glucose molecules.
what is cellulose
a complex carbohydrate, a polysaccharide made from multiple b glucose molecules
what is the purpose of glycogen
an insoluble store of glucose in animals
what is the purpose of starch
an insoluble store of glucose in plants
what are the two molecules that make up starch
amylose and amylopectin
how is glycogens structure related to its function
- insoluble so doesnt affect osmosis so cant diffuse out of cells
- compact so can be stored in small places
- branched with 1,6 glycosidic bonds which provide more ends to be hydrolysed
how are the monosaccharides in cellulose arranged
alternative b glucose molecule is turned upside down
how is celluloses structure related to its function
- made up of b glucose so form long straight unbranched chains
- chains run parallel to each other and are cross linked by hydrogen bonds which add strength
- molecules are group to form microfibrils which are also grouped to form fibres which also add strength
why do cell walls provide strength to support plant cells
- cellulose molecules form to make hydrogen bonds with each other to make microfibrils
- microfibrils join to make macrofibrils
- macrofibrils join to make fibres which are insoluble and tough
what are examples of reducing sugars
all monosaccharides
what is an example of a non reducing sugar
sucrose
what is the role of lipids
- source of energy
- waterproofing
- insulation
- protection
what are the two main groups of lipids
triglycerides and phospholipids
what are the components of a triglyceride
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
how is the structure of triglycerides related to its properties
- high ratio of C-H bonds so an excellent energy store
- large and non polar so insoluble in water
- high ratio of H to O atoms so release water when oxidised
what bond is formed when a fatty acid is joined to glycerol
an ester bond
how can the fatty acids in a lipid vary
they can be saturated or unsaturated
what is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid
unsaturated contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond
what is the structure of a phospholipid
- glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
- a hydrophobic tail which mixes with fat
- a hydrophilic head which interacts with water
what does hydrophobic mean
doesnt dissolve in water
what does hydrophilic mean
dissolves in water
are triglycerides hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophobic
what are the monomers of proteins
amino acids
what is the name of the polymer of amino acids
polypeptide
what are the three groups in an amino acid
amine group, R group, carboxyl group
what bond holds two amino acids
peptide bond