CHEMISTRY 102

• Topics


  • SEPARATION TECHNIQUES, APPARATUS, METHODS OF COLLECTION OF GASES
  • MATTER
  • ATOMIC STRUCTURE
  • CHEMICAL BONDING
  • PERIODIC TABLE
  • CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
  • THE MOLE; CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
  • ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
  • ENERGY CHANGES
  • RATE OF REACTIONS
  • REVERSIBLE REACTIONS
  • CARBON CHEMISTRY
  • REDOX REACTIONS
  • ELECTROLYSIS
  • METALS
  • NON - METALS; CHLORINE, SULPHUR, NITROGEN, CARBON & CARBONATES
  • CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT; WATER, AIR, RECYCLING, SOURCES OF ENERGY
• Preparing gases in the lab


  Displace gas from a solid or solution

  
• Methods of collecting gases

  • Downward displacement of water
  • Upward displacement of air
  • Downward displacement of air
  • Downward displacement of water vapour
• Separation techniques


  • Separating immiscible liquids
  • Simple distillation
  • Fractional distillation
  • Evaporation
  • Paper chromatography
  • Filtration
• Homogeneous mixture


  They have the same uniform appearance and composition throughout, commonly referred to as solutions, consist of a single phase
• Heterogeneous mixture


  They are made of visibly different substances, different phases, visibly obvious to the naked eye
• Particulate nature of matter


  Matter is made up of tiny, invisible particles called atoms, which possess kinetic energy and are arranged differently according to their states
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solid


  • Particles arranged in a fixed pattern or lattice, held together by strong forces, can only make tiny vibrations
• Liquid


  • Particles can move about and slide past each other, close together but not in a lattice, held by weaker forces
• Gas


  • Particles far apart, move about very quickly, almost no forces holding them together, collide and bounce off in all directions
• Kinetic theory of matter


  Explains the differences in the characteristics of solids, liquids and gases due to the way their particles are arranged and move
• Changes of state of matter

  • Melting
  • Sublimation
  • Evaporation
  • Boiling
  • Condensing
  • Solidifying
• Water can exist as solid, liquid and gas, its state can be changed by heating or cooling
• Nearly all substances can exist as solid, liquid and gas
• Diffusion


  The process by which particles of a substance move randomly from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until equilibrium is attained
• Diffusion of gases


  Ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas diffuse and form ammonium chloride near the hydrogen chloride
• Factors affecting diffusion rate

  Lower relative molecular mass of gas particles, higher temperature
• Atom


  The smallest, indivisible particle of an element which can exist on its own and undergo chemical change, consisting of a nucleus with protons and neutrons, and electrons orbiting the nucleus
• Atomic (proton) number


  The number of protons in an atom, which identifies the element
• Mass (nucleon) number


  The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
• Every atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, so atoms have no overall charge
• Proton number


  The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
• The proton number of sodium is 11
• Electrons


  Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom
• The sodium atom also has 11 electrons
• Every atom has an equal number of protons and electrons
• Atoms have no overall charge
• Charge on a sodium atom


  11 protons (each +1), 11 electrons (each -1), total charge 0
• Mass (nucleon) number - A


  The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
• The nucleon number for the sodium atom is 23
• Sodium atom representation


  23 11 Na
• Protons, neutrons and electrons are called sub-atomic particles
• Element


  A substance made of only one kind of atom, that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
• Period number


  Tells you how many shells there are
• Group number


  The same as the number of outer-shell electrons, except for Group 0
• Valency electrons


  The outer-shell electrons
• The valency electrons dictate how an element reacts
• Electronic configuration


  How the electrons are arranged in shells
• The first shell can accommodate a maximum of two electrons, the second shell holding a maximum of 8 and the third shell also 8. The last shell can accommodate a maximum of 8