endo

• What is androgen insensitivity syndrome characterized by?

  End-organ resistance to testosterone
• What is the main issue in 5-alpha reductase deficiency?

  Inability to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
• What genetic defect is associated with MODY 2?

  Defect in the glucokinase gene
• What genetic defect is associated with MODY 3?

  Defect in the HNF-1 alpha gene
• What causes Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)?

  Relative deficiency of insulin due to adipose tissue
• What characterizes Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)?

  Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells
• What is prediabetes?

  Patients likely to develop T2DM soon
• What is maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)?

  A group of inherited genetic disorders affecting insulin production
• What is latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA)?

  Autoimmune-related diabetes presenting later in life
• What is gestational diabetes?

  Raised glucose levels during pregnancy
• What is the BMI range for obese class 1?

  BMI 30 - 35 kg/m²
• What is the BMI range for overweight?

  BMI 25 - 30 kg/m²
• What is the BMI range for normal weight?

  BMI 18.5 - 25 kg/m²
• What is the BMI range for underweight?

  BMI < 18.5 kg/m²
• What is the BMI range for obese class 3?

  BMI > 40 kg/m²
• What is the BMI range for obese class 2?

  BMI 35 - 40 kg/m²
• What are the side effects of Metformin?

  Gastrointestinal upset and lactic acidosis
• How is Metformin taken?

  Orally
• How does Metformin work?

  Increases insulin sensitivity and decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis
• What are the side effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors?

  Increased risk of urinary tract infections
• What are the side effects of insulin?

  Hypoglycaemia, weight gain, and lipodystrophy
• What are the side effects of sulfonylureas?

  Hypoglycaemia, weight gain, and hyponatraemia
• How do SGLT-2 inhibitors work?

  Inhibit reabsorption of glucose in the kidney
• What is a typical effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors?

  Typically causes weight loss
• What are the side effects of GLP-1 agonists?

  Nausea/vomiting and increased risk of pancreatitis
• What is a typical effect of GLP-1 agonists?

  Typically causes weight loss
• How do GLP-1 agonists work?

  Incretin mimetic which inhibits glucagon secretion
• When is insulin used?

  In all patients with T1DM and some T2DM
• How is insulin taken?

  Subcutaneously
• How are SGLT-2 inhibitors taken?

  Orally
• How are thiazolidinediones taken?

  Orally
• What are the side effects of thiazolidinediones?

  Fluid retention and weight gain
• How do thiazolidinediones work?

  Activate PPAR-gamma receptor in adipocytes
• What may corticosteroids cause?

  Weight gain, peptic ulceration, and fluid retention
• What may sulfonylureas cause?

  Weight gain and hypoglycaemia
• What may corticosteroids cause in children?

  Suppression of growth
• What may corticosteroids cause in adults?

  Osteoporosis and increased infection susceptibility
• What may corticosteroids cause related to mental health?

  Depression and psychosis
• What may corticosteroids cause related to vision?

  Cataracts and glaucoma
• What may corticosteroids cause related to metabolism?

  Impaired glucose tolerance