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• What is the typical presentation of ascending cholangitis?

  Right upper quadrant pain, fever, jaundice
• What condition is indicated by constant right upper quadrant pain and gallstones?

  Acute cholecystitis
• What symptom relief is associated with duodenal ulcers?

  Pain relief after eating
• What is the typical symptom of biliary colic?

  Intermittent right upper quadrant pain
• What are the symptoms of acute diverticulitis?

  Left lower quadrant pain, diarrhoea, fever
• What is the typical presentation of appendicitis?

  Pain in the right iliac fossa
• What condition is indicated by severe epigastric pain and elevated serum lipase?

  Acute pancreatitis
• What are the signs of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm?

  Severe central abdominal pain, hypotension
• What symptoms are associated with intestinal obstruction in Crohn's disease?

  Central abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation
• What is the typical presentation of urinary retention?

  Constant, severe suprapubic pain
• What is indicated by severe back pain with blood in urine?

  Renal colic
• What are the symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?

  Back pain, fever, rigors
• What is the typical presentation of ectopic pregnancy?

  Colicky left iliac fossa pain, missed period
• What causes pernicious anaemia?

  Antibodies to gastric parietal cells
• What antibodies are associated with coeliac disease?

  Anti-tissue transglutaminase, anti-endomyseal
• What is the role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric conditions?

  It may cause gastric carcinoma and lymphoma
• What is the treatment for life-threatening C. difficile infection?

  Oral vancomycin and IV metronidazole
• What is the first-line treatment for a first episode of C. difficile infection?

  Oral vancomycin
• What is the treatment for recurrent C. difficile infection?

  Oral fidaxomicin
• What are the complications of coeliac disease?

  Anaemia, lactose intolerance, osteoporosis
• What is the mechanism of action of omeprazole?

  Irreversible blockade of H+/K+ ATPase
• What are the features of Wilson's disease?

  Haemolytic anaemia, renal tubular acidosis
• What is primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with?

  Ulcerative colitis
• What are the features of haemochromatosis?

  Diabetes, arthritis, bronze skin pigmentation
• What antibodies are present in primary biliary cirrhosis?

  Anti-mitochondrial antibodies
• What does HBsAg negative and anti-HBs positive indicate?

  Previous infection, not a carrier
• What does HBsAg positive and anti-HBs negative indicate?

  Chronic infection
• What does HBsAg negative and anti-HBs positive with IgG anti-HBc negative indicate?

  Previous immunisation
• What does HBsAg positive and IgM anti-HBc positive indicate?

  Acute infection
• What are the key differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?

  Crohn's has skip lesions; UC does not
• What are the symptoms of Crohn's disease?

  Cobble-stone appearance, weight loss, fistula
• What are the symptoms of ulcerative colitis?

  Bloody diarrhoea, pseudopolyps, tenesmus
• What are the key features of dilated cardiomyopathy?

  Thiamine deficiency, malnutrition, alcoholism
• What are the key features of biliary colic?

  Female, middle-aged, episodic RUQ pain
• What are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer?

  Painless jaundice, steatorrhoea
• What are the symptoms of Budd-Chiari syndrome?

  Abdominal pain, ascites, tender hepatomegaly
• What are the symptoms of diverticulitis?

  Elderly patient, LIF pain, diarrhoea, fever
• What are the symptoms of mesenteric ischaemia?

  Abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, metabolic acidosis
• What is hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma associated with?

  Strong family history of colorectal cancer
• What are the symptoms of Clostridium difficile infection?

  Recent antibiotic use, profuse diarrhoea