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• What is pseudogout caused by?

  Deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals
• What characterizes Paget's disease of the bone?

  Excessive osteoclastic resorption followed by increased osteoblastic activity
• What genetic defect is associated with Marfan's syndrome?

  Defect in the fibrillin-1 gene
• Which antibodies are associated with SLE?

  Anti-Smith, anti-dsDNA, ANA
• What antibody is associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

  Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody
• Which antibodies are associated with Sjogren's syndrome?

  Rheumatoid factor, ANA
• What lab values indicate osteoporosis?

  Normal serum calcium, phosphate, ALP, and PTH
• What lab values indicate osteomalacia?

  Low serum calcium, low serum phosphate, raised ALP, raised PTH
• What lab values indicate primary hyperparathyroidism?

  Raised serum calcium, low serum phosphate, raised ALP, raised PTH
• What lab values indicate Paget's disease?

  Normal serum calcium, normal phosphate, raised ALP, normal PTH
• What lab values indicate chronic kidney disease leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism?

  Low serum calcium, raised serum phosphate, raised ALP, raised PTH
• What lab values indicate osteopetrosis?

  Normal serum calcium, normal phosphate, normal ALP, normal PTH
• What adverse effects can methotrexate cause?

  Myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity, pneumonitis, mucositis
• What adverse effects can bisphosphonates cause?

  Oesophagitis, osteonecrosis of the jaw
• What adverse effect can hydroxychloroquine cause?

  Retinopathy
• What adverse effect can infliximab cause?

  Reactivation of tuberculosis
• What adverse effects can azathioprine cause?

  Pancreatitis, toxicity in thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency
• What is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates?

  Pyrophosphate analog that inhibits osteoclast activity
• What is the mechanism of action of colchicine?

  Inhibits microtubule polymerization by binding to tubulin
• What are the features of Marfan's syndrome?

  • Mitral valve prolapse
  • Dilation of the aortic sinuses
  • Upwards lens dislocation
  • Dural ectasia
• What are the features of osteogenesis imperfecta?

  • Deafness
  • Blue sclera
• What are the features of temporal arteritis?

  • Jaw claudication
  • Association with polymyalgia rheumatica
• What are the features of Behcet's syndrome?

  • Anterior uveitis
  • Thrombophlebitis
  • Deep vein thrombosis
• What are the features of polyarteritis nodosa?

  • Positive hepatitis B serology
• Which HLA is associated with reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis?

  HLA-B27
• Which HLA is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

  HLA-DR4
• Which HLA is associated with coeliac disease?

  HLA-DQ2/DQ8
• What type of hypersensitivity reaction is multiple sclerosis?

  Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
• What type of hypersensitivity reaction is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

  Type III hypersensitivity reaction
• What type of hypersensitivity reaction is asthma?

  Type I hypersensitivity reaction
• What type of hypersensitivity reaction is rheumatic fever?

  Type II hypersensitivity reaction
• What are the key features of gout?

  • Inflamed 1st MTP joint
  • Needle shaped negatively birefringent crystals
• What are the key features of osteomalacia?

  • Bone pain
  • Muscle weakness
  • Asian female
• What are the key features of pseudogout?

  • Weakly-positively birefringent rhomboid shaped crystals
  • Chondrocalcinosis
• What are the key features of ankylosing spondylitis?

  • Bamboo spine
• What are the key features of rheumatoid arthritis?

  • Bilateral inflamed 2nd + 3rd MCPs
• What are the key features of systemic lupus erythematosus?

  • Young female
  • Facial rash
  • Neuropsychiatric features
  • Raynaud's phenomenon
• What are the key features of reactive arthritis?

  • STI leading to arthritis
  • Urethritis
  • Conjunctivitis
• What are the key features of Ehler-Danlos syndrome?

  • Recurrent joint dislocation
  • Easy bruising
  • Elastic skin
• What are the key features of giant cell tumour of bone?

  • 'Double/soap bubble' x-ray appearance around epiphysis of femur