boo final

• endocrine system 


  a system of glands and associated organs that contain endocrine cells that produce hormones
• hormone


  from greek “excite”
• hormone


  molecule that regulate function of other cells or organ system
• hormone


  small molecule secreted in blood stream in tiny amounts by endocrine cell
• hormone


  bund witht receptors in or on specific target cells and influence target cell behaviors
• hormone


  other cells are not directly affected
• function of endocrine system

  • regulation of body development
  • interact with nervous system to regulate and coordinate body systems to promote homeostasis
• complexity of endo sys 


  the system is highly complex, many places send signals, not just controlled by any one hormone or structure
• pancreas


  glucagon: increase blood glucose level

  insulin: decrease blood glucose level
• lipid soluble hormone

  • include steroid hormone derived from cholesterol
  • move easily though cells to bind w receptors within cytoplasm or nucleolus
  • fat goes right through phospholipid by layer
  • complex attached to DNA and activates certain genes — DNA, RNA, Protein, Phenotype (scribe, late, protein, prod)
• water soluble hormone

  • peptide (protein like) hormones
  • cannon pass through membranes, instead it binds with receptors on cell surface
  • then activated a second molecule in cytoplasm that then influences existing enzyme in cell to do their thing
• stimuli that cause reg and prod and release of hormones

  • signals from nervous system
  • changes in nutrieros (glucose), ions (Ca+), etc
  • other hormones
• hormone regulation mostly negative feedback

  • pancreas- sense high glucose in blood
  • then secretes insulin to promote liver to store glucose
  • glucose levels drop, causes pancreas to detect low level and stop screting insulin
• can glucagón and insulin exist at the same time

  yes, if not hungry (ate brunch) and brain is working in class you have high glucose, then a viking shows up and your adrenaline hits you, then raising insulin
• hormone interaction 


  synergistic- when both present, response is greater than either alone (glucagon and epinephrine both prompt glucose reaction)
• hormone interact 


  permissive- one hormone must be present for another to work
• hormone interaction 


  antagonistic: ex- glucagon prompts lover to breakdown stored molecules and release glucose while insulin stores it
• neurosecretory cells 


  specialized neurons that translate and generate nerve impulses and secrete hormones, functioning as both neurons and endocrine cells

  (many molecules function as both hormones and neurotransmitters depending on where and when they’re being used)
• sympathetic nervous system

  • fight or flight - release of adrenaline (hormone) and epinephrine and norepinephrine (act as hormones but are also neurotransmitters)
• Endo System Summary

  • complex
  • NS and ES go hand in hand
  • insulin, glucagon, pancreas
  • water and lipid solubale hormones
• Endo and NS

  endo interacts with nervous system to regulate and coordinate other body for homeostasis
• blood functions

  • transport oxygen nutrient and waste
  • regulate body temp
  • protection (WBC)
• blood


  specialized connective tissue

  -cells, platelets, soluable proteins
• blood composition

  • plamsa
  • WBC
  • RBC
• RBC- Erythrocytes

  • transport oxygen from lungs to cells
  • abundant
  • small drip contains several million RBC
• RBC structure

  • no nuclei, few organelles, mostly a sack of protein hemoglobin
  • biconcave disc (maximize surface area to volume ratio and felxible)
• hemoglobin

  • protein that transports oxygen
  • made of amino acids (4 subunits)
  • each part contains 4 iron ions that bind oxygen
  • each RBC contains 280 Mill hemo mol
  • iron latches into oxygen
• regulation of RBC

  1. kidney senses O2 levels in blood (hormone regulated)
  2. if low, kidney releases erythropoietin (EPO)
  3. EPO acts on red bone marrow to increase RBC
  4. mature RBC released
  5. increase blood O2 levels
  6. kidey senses high O2 and stops production of EPO
• WBC- leukocytes

  • house keeping- remove damage and abnormal cells
  • immune cells- warriors against disease
• Granulocytes


  contain granuals: secretory structures filled with cell destroying chemicals

  • neutro, eosino, baso
• Neutrophils 


  most common WBC, first to site of infection, engulf microbes (phagocytosis), in death release chem to attract more neutro
• eosinophils 


  toxins against parasitic worms
• basophils


  release histamine (chemicals that attract WBc causing inflammation)
• agranulocytes

  • monocytes engulf microbes, dead cells, debris (largest wbc)
  • mono become macrophages (big eater) when leave blood cell
  • lymphocytes- specific immunity cells ( B and T- defensive system WBC)
• blood types

  • ABO type based of presence on surface proteins on RBC (antigens)
  • antibodies antigens
• Rh factor- presense or a sense of surface antigen on RBC

  • no rh factor- Rh- (recessive)
  • rh factor - Rh+ (Dom)
• inheritance of Rh

  • independent of ABO
• cardiovascular system

  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • lungs
  • active system
• blood vessels

  • branching network
  • arteries (blood away from heart)
  • veins (toward heart)
  • capillaries (sites of exchange )
• blood circulation 


  blood -> artery -> capillary-> vein (repeat)