AP HUG

• Thematic maps


  Maps that show the spatial distribution of a specific topic or theme
• Reference maps


  Maps that show the general geographic features of an area
• Map projections


  Different ways to represent the 3D earth on a 2D map surface
• Each map projection has distortion in one or more aspects like shape, area, distance, or direction
• GIS (Geographic Information Systems)


  Systems that layer data on maps to show spatial relationships
• Quantitative research


  Research that uses numerical data from sources like the census
• Qualitative research


  Research that looks at people's attitudes, beliefs, and feelings
• Governments and businesses use quantitative and qualitative data to make decisions
• Environmental determinism


  The idea that the environment sets restrictions on society and culture
• Environmental possibilism


  The idea that society can shape and modify the environment to suit its needs
• Scale of analysis


  How data is organized, such as national vs local levels
• Scale


  How much of the earth's surface is viewed, from small scale (world map) to large scale (county map)
• Types of regions


  • Functional/nodal regions
  • Perceptual/vernacular regions
  • Formal/uniform regions
• Population distribution


  Where people live in the world and why
• Arithmetic density


  Total population divided by total land area
• Physiological density


  Total population divided by arable land
• Agricultural density


  Number of farmers divided by arable land
• Population data


  • CBR
  • CDR
  • NIR
  • Growth rate
  • Sex ratios
  • Doubling time
  • Dependency ratios
• Population pyramid


  A graph showing the age and sex structure of a population
• Demographic transition model


  A model showing how a country's population changes over time as it develops
• Epidemiologic transition model


  A model showing how the causes of death change as a country develops
• Pro-natalism


  Government policies that encourage population growth
• Anti-natalism


  Government policies that restrict population growth
• Malthus


  Believed population would grow exponentially while food production would only grow arithmetically, leading to a catastrophe
• Neo-Malthusians


  Believe Malthus was right, but that the catastrophe will be caused by exceeding the earth's carrying capacity for all resources, not just food
• Push factors


  Reasons that make people want to leave an area
• Pull factors


  Reasons that make people want to come to an area
• Forced migration


  Migration due to events that put the migrant's life in jeopardy
• Voluntary migration


  Migration where the migrant chooses to move of their own accord
• Counter-migration


  Migration in the opposite direction, connecting two places
• Cultural relativism


  Viewing a culture through its own perspective, not judging it by one's own standards
• Ethnocentrism


  Judging another culture based on one's own cultural standards
• Cultural landscape


  The physical features of a landscape that reflect a society's culture
• Centripetal forces


  Forces that push a society together and create a sense of place
• Centrifugal forces


  Forces that pull a society apart and create cultural diversity
• Relocation diffusion


  Diffusion through the movement of people from one place to another
• Expansion diffusion


  Diffusion where the number of people participating in a cultural trait is growing
• Hierarchical diffusion


  Diffusion that happens through a system of structures, often top-down
• Contagious diffusion


  Diffusion that spreads in all directions without barriers
• Stimulus diffusion


  Diffusion where a cultural trait adapts to the cultural traits of the area it is diffusing to