CC1 carbo

• metabolism of glucose molecules to pyruvate or lactate from production of energy - glycolysis
• formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrates sources - gluconeogenesis
• breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy - glycogenolysis
• glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle cells
• breakdown of glucose to glycogen for storage - glycogenesis
• conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids - lipogenesis
• decomposition of fat - lipolysis
• if there too much glycogen in the body through glycogenesis it will turn in to fat
• when the fat from glucose is needed to be used up it will undergo lipolysis
• glucose will be converted tp glycogen in the liver glycogenesis. when glucose is needed from the liver it will undergo glycogenolysis
• glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver or muscle after being absorbed
• primary hormone for decrease of plasma glucose is insulin
• primary hormone for increase of plasma glucose is glycogen
• insulin site in b-cell
• glucagon site is a-cell
• epinephrine release during time of physical and emotional stress, increase plasma glucose
• epinephrine site in adrenal medulla
• hormones that increase plasma glucose is cortisol, growth hormone, thyroxine, somatostatin
• somatostatin site in the d-cell
• thyroxine site in the thyroid gland
• growth hormone site in anterior pituitary
• cortisol site in the suprarenal cortex
• hormone produced by the b-cell is insulin
• you will get hyperglycemia when sugar in the blood is highy. hyperglycemia leads to diabetes mellitus
• hormone produced by a-cell is glucagon
• a-cell will primarily increase plasma glucose
• chain of 2-10 sugar units - oligosaccharides
• linkage of multiple monosaccharides - polysaccharides
• it is hormone released from physical and emotional stress namely fight and flight reaction. it will increase plasma glucose is epinephrine
• under stressful conditions cortisol willl provide the body with glucose by tapping into proteins store through gluconeogenesis in the liver
• the most common type of diabetes mellitus is type II
• type II diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, obesity, and impaired fasting tolerance
• increased blood glucose levels are due to decreased sensitivity to insulin or lack of insulin production in type II diabetes mellitus
• Type I Diabetes Mellitus (TIDM) is also known as juvenile-onset diabetes because it usually develops during childhood or adolescence. It is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin. As a result, there is little to no insulin produced in the body leading to high blood sugar levels.
• diabetes mellitus is caused by defective beta cells that produce less than normal amount of insulin
• type II diabetes mellitus can be managed through dietary changes, exercise, weight loss, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin therapy
• action of glucose - glucose to glycogen to pyruvate to acetyl-coa
• action of glycogen - glycogen to glucose
• epinephrine increase plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin secretion, increasing glycogenolysis and promoting lipolysis
• growth hormone increase plasma by decreasing the entry of glucose into the cels and increasing glycogenolysis