lab6

• Balantidium coli


  The largest protozoal parasite inhabiting the large intestine of man, monkeys and pigs
• Balantidium coli


  • Most infections are harmless
  • Rarely the trophozoites invade the mucosa and sub mucosa of intestine and causes Balantidiasis

  
• Life cycle of Balantidium coli


  1. Trophozoite stage

  2. Cyst stage
• Trophozoite stage


  • Oval shape
  • Anterior end is pointed and has groove leading to a mouth (cytostome)
  • Posterior end is broadly rounded and has an excretory opening known as cytopyge
  • Has two nuclei (macronucleus and micronucleus)
  • Has two contractile vacuoles
  • Has numerous food vacuoles
  • Body covered with delicate pellicle embedded with short cilia
• Cyst stage


  • Spherical or oval
  • Surrounded by a thick and transparent double-layered wall
  • Cilia are absorbed
  • Macronucleus, micronucleus and vacuoles are present
• Diagnosis


  General Stool Examination (GSE)
• Platyhelminthes


  Phylum containing flukes
• Types of flukes that infect humans


  • Liver flukes
  • Intestinal flukes
  • Blood flukes
  • Lung flukes
• Fasciola hepatica


  Liver fluke that resides in the biliary passages of the liver of sheep, goat, cattle and man, causes fascioliasis

  
• Fasciola hepatica


  • Large leaf-shaped fluke, bilaterally symmetrical
  • Has a distinct conical projection at the anterior end
  • Posterior end is broadly pointed
  • Has an oral sucker in the conical projection and a ventral sucker nearby
  • Intestinal caeca, testes and vitelline glands are branched
  • Eggs are large, elliptical to oval, have an operculum, light yellowish brown, thin shell with a smooth surface and contain an immature larva

  
• Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica


  1. Passes through one final host (sheep, goat, cattle, man)

  2. Passes through two intermediate hosts (snails of the genus Lymnaea, aquatic vegetation e.g. watercress)

  
• Diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica


  Detection of eggs in stool or in bile obtained by duodenal intubation, and immunodiagnostic tests