astronomy test 2

• Black Holes


  Predicted in the late 1700s (Michell and Laplace); characterized by its mass, spin, and electric charge - two dimensional
• Dark stars


  The mass of a black hole resides in its center; the singularity where matter is compressed to infinite density
• Matter


  Curves spacetime; spacetime tells matter how to move
• Event Horizon (Cosmic Censorship)


  The radius where the escape speed from the mass is equal to the speed of light (c); not a solid surface
• Friedman models


  Flat, positive curvature (sphere/closed universe) and negative curvature (open universe)
• General Theory of Relativity


  1910-1920s; Einstein errored because he believed in a homogeneous, isotropic, and static Universe; Cosmological Principle is valid
• Inflation


  Strange behavior near the beginning of the Universe where it shows a huge rate of expansion
• History of the Universe

  31.5% matter (normal/dark), and 68.5% dark energy; earliest times in the Universe were dominated by radiation - still in the dark energy era
• Massive objects


  Interact through the gravitational force
• Charged objects


  Interact through the electromagnetic force
• Subatomic particles


  Interact through the strong (nuclear) force and the weak (nuclear) force
• Big Bang


  Matter takes over and dominates the evolution of the Universe around 50,000 years after the Big Bang
• GUT (Grand Unified Theory)


  After gravity separates from the other 3 forces; gravity becomes an interaction distinct from the electromagnetic strong/weak nuclear forces
• GUT era


  Ends around 10^-32 seconds have elapsed after the beginning of the Universe; inflation begins in this era
• Planck Era


  When the four forces of the Universe have been unified
• Quantum gravity


  The time when the theory which encompasses both quantum mechanics and gravity must be used
• Size of the Universe during the Planck era


  Less than 10^-50 centimeters; expands enough during inflation
• Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity


  Showed that there is an equivalence between mass and energy; E=mc^2
• Pair Production


  After inflation, Universe continues to expand and is hot; production always produces pairs of massive particles (ordinary particle and its anti-matter twin)
• Annihilation


  When the Universe is very hot, quarks and leptons occur; matter particles and the antimatter twins annihilate and release energy (radiation)
• Quark gluon plasma


  A high-temperature state of matter that forms when nuclei collide with such energy that their protons and neutrons are broken down into a "soup" of elementary particles called quarks and gluons.
• Protons and neutrons


  Composed of three quarks held together by the intermediary particles known as gluons
• Quark Epoch


  The production of the matter baryons is referred to as baryogenesis
• Nucleosynthesis


  Formation of the elements; quarks and gluons form protons, protons and electrons form neutrons
• Big Bang Nucleosynthesis


  The amount of helium produced in the Big Bang is insensitive to the mass contained in baryons in the Universe
• Deuterium


  Very sensitive to the mass in baryons in the Universe
• Post Big Bang


  The Universe continues to expand and cool but no new chemical elements are created until stars form and die
• Protogalaxies


  Gravity caused matter and debris to condense, which formed unorganized small groups of stars
• CMB


  The largest structures in the Universe are consistent with the imperfections seen