HE LEC

• Florence Nightingale

  The FIRST NURSE EDUCATOR, the founder of modern nursing, was the ultimate educator
• Florence Nightingale's contributions

  1. Develops the first school of nursing

  2. Devoted most of her career in teaching nurses, physicians, and health officials

  3. Emphasized the importance of adequate nutrition, fresh air, exercise, and personal hygiene to patients
• Mid 1800 – nursing was first acknowledged as a unique discipline; teaching has been recognized as an important role of nurses as caregiver
• Early 1900 – role of a nurse as teacher in disease prevention in the community was clearly understood
• For decades – patient teaching has been recognized as an independent nursing function
• 1918 – NLNE National League of Nursing Education observed the importance of health teaching as a function within the scope of nursing practice
• 2 decades later-they recognized nurses as agents for the promotion of health & prevention of illness in all setting
• 1950 – NLNE identified course content in nursing school curricula to prepare nurses to assume the role as teachers
• 1993 JCAHO – established nursing standards for patient education
• 2006 - NLNE developed the 1st certified nurse educator (CNE) exam
• EDUCATION PROCESS

  A systematic, sequential, logical, scientifically based, planned course of action consisting of two interdependent operations---teaching & learning (APIE) Assessment, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
• NURSING PROCESS


  ADPIE Assessment, Diagnois, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
• TEACHING

  As one component of the educational process, it is a deliberate, intentional act of communicating information to the learner in response to identified learning needs with the objective of producing learning to achieve desired behavioral outcomes
• LEARNING


  A change in the behavior (SKA) that can be observed or measured and that can occur at any time or in any place as a result of exposure to environmental stimuli
• PATIENT EDUCATION


  A process of assisting people to learn health-related behaviors that can be incorporated into everyday life with the goal of optimal health & independence in self-care
• STAFF EDUCATION

  The process of influencing the behavior of nurses by producing changes in their knowledge, attitudes, and skills to help nurses maintain and improve their competencies for the delivery of quality care to the consumer
• TEACHING PLAN


  Overall blueprint or outline for instruction clearly defining the relationship between the essential components of behavioral objectives, instructional content, teaching methods and tools, time frame for teaching, and methods of evaluation that fit together in a logical pattern of flow to achieve a predetermined goal
• Hallmarks of Effective Teaching in Nursing


  • Professional Competence
  • Interpersonal Relationships with Students
  • Personal Characteristics
  • Teaching Practices
  • Evaluation Practices
  • Availability to Students
• Clarity


  The clear teacher logically organizes instruction, explains what is to be learned, uses simple terms to present new material, constantly assesses whether students can follow, uses examples whenever possible, allows student time to think what is being thought, uses repetition & summarization
• Time on Task


  Emphasizing time on task
• Class Time


  Effective use of class time
• 7 Principles of Good Practice


  • Encourage student-faculty contact
  • Encourage cooperation among students
  • Encourage active learning
  • Give prompt feedback
  • Emphasize time on task
  • Communicate high expectations
  • Respect diverse talents & ways of learning
• Barriers to Teaching

  • Lack of time to teach
  • Lack of competence & confidence with teaching skills
  • Lack or no motivation to teach
  • Lack of financial support for educational program
  • Lack of avenue for documentation
• Obstacles in Learning


  • Lack of time to learn
  • Health condition of the patient; acute & chronic illness
  • Low literacy
  • Negative influence of the hospital environment
  • Personal characteristics of a learner
  • The extent of behavioral change
  • Lack of support and positive reinforcement
  • Denial of learning needs
  • Poor healthcare
• Learning


  A permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, &/or behavior as a result of experience
• Learning Theory

  A coherent framework and set of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn

  
• Defense Mechanism


  Employed to protect the self when an individual's ego is threatened; short term use is a way of coming to grips with reality, but long term reliance allows individuals to avoid reality and may act as a barrier to learning and transfer
• Hierarchy of Needs


  Theory of human motivation based on integrated wholeness of the individual and levels of satisfaction of basic human needs organized by potency
• Respondent Conditioning

  Also termed Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning. Emphasizes the importance of stimulus condition and the associations formed in the learning process, whereby, without thought or awareness, learning takes place when a newly conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with a conditioned response (CR)
• Types of Learning Theories

  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive
  • Social
  • Psychodynamic
  • Humanistic

  
• Behavioral Learning Theories


  Learning is a permanent change in behavior, Stimulus-response
• Respondent Conditioning

  Emphasizes the importance of stimulus conditions & the associations formed in the learning process. Respondent conditioning model of learning: UCS → UCR, NS + UCS → UCR, Several pairings of NS + UCS → UCR, CS → CR
• Systematic desensitization


  A technique base on respondent conditioning to reduce fear & anxiety. Fearful individual are first taught relaxation technique. Used to treat drug addiction, phobias, tension headaches & ADHD/Autism to swallow pills
• Stimulus generalization


  Ex. Listening to friends & relatives about hosp exp.
• Discrimination learning

  Ex. Hospitalized a number of times
• Spontaneous recovery


  Ex. Relapse prevention programs
• Unhealthy habits that can be addressed with operant conditioning


  • Addictive behavior
  • Smoking
  • Alcoholism
  • Drug abuse
• Operant Conditioning


  To INCREASE the probability of a response: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement. To DECREASE/EXTINGUISH the probability of a response: Nonreinforcement, Punishment
• Information Processing Model


  Stage 1: Attention, Stage 2: Processing, Stage 3: Memory Storage, Stage 4: Action
• Social Learning Theory


  Role modelling is the central concept. Attentional Phase, Retention Phase, Reproduction Phase, Motivational Phase