planning

• Urban planning


  The process of guiding and directing the use and development of land, urban environment, urban infrastructure, and related ecosystem and human services—in ways that ensure the maximum level of economic development, high quality of life, wise management of natural resources, and efficient operation of infrastructures
• Regional planning


  The integrated management of the economic, social, and physical resources of a spatially bounded area
• The human environment


  • The quality of a human environment can be measured only in terms of its effect on the people who experience it
  • The evaluations of quality are seldom simple
• The human body


  • A complex, highly organized structure made up of unique cells that work together to accomplish the specific functions necessary for sustaining life
  • Normal body temperature is just under 99° Fahrenheit (37°C)
  • Gives off four times as much heat used to maintain a stable internal temperature
• The cooling system of the body

  1. Heating of respired air (respiration)

  2. Vaporization of water from the lungs and breathing passage

  3. Convection and radiation of heat from the surface of the skin

  4. Diffusion of small amounts of water vapor through the skin
• When the rate of cooling by respiration, skin diffusion, skin radiation, and skin convection is insufficient

  We sweat
• Dry air - low humidity


  Evaporation is fast
• Damp air - high humidity


  Evaporation is slow
• Excessive rates of body cooling

  • Heat loss is especially rapid from the back of the neck, the head, the back, and the extremities
  • Clothing and furniture that are designed to obstruct the flow of heat from these areas are particularly effective in aiding thermal comfort under cold conditions
• Body's response to excessive heat loss

  1. Lowering the temperature of the feet and hands

  2. Goose pimpling or goose bumps

  3. Cutting down the exposed surface area of the body

  4. Exercising to raise the metabolic heat production

  5. Shivering - an involuntary form of heat-generating muscular motion

  6. Hypothermia when the deep-body temperature falls
• Prolonged overheating or overcooling

  • Increased fatigue and weak resistance
  • Disease
• Basic human requirements for livable conditions

  • Food
  • Water
  • Fresh air
  • Optimum thermal conditions
  • Sanitation
  • Brightness/Illumination
  • Noise/Loudness
  • Ventilation
  • Cleaning/Washing facilities
• Threats to human health

  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
• Human body needs protection from

  • Hard or sharp objects
  • Fire and very hot objects
  • Falling objects
  • Explosions
  • Poisons
  • Corrosive chemicals
  • Harmful radiation
  • Electric shocks
• Environmental necessities of human civilization

  • Workplaces & Shops
  • Gathering places
  • Worship
  • Play & Exercise
  • Entertainment
  • View things & places
  • Education
  • Governance
  • Health
• Necessities for human mobility

  • Doors
  • Hallways
  • Stairs
  • Elevators
  • Escalators
  • Footpaths
  • Streets & roads
• Human Ecology


  The interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments
• Ecology as a discipline was technically born when Ernst Haeckel used the word "oekologie" in 1866 to describe the study of an organism's relationship to its environment
• Human Ecology

  • Composed of concepts from ecology like interconnectivity, community behavior, and spatial organization
• Concentric Zone Model


  Also known as The Burgess Model or The Bull's Eye Model, developed in the 1920's by the urban sociologist Ernest Burgess to portray how cities' social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
• The Concentric Zone Model has several shortcomings, such as assuming an isotropic plain, not fitting polycentric cities, and describing the peculiar American geography where the inner city is poor while suburbs are wealthy (the converse is the norm elsewhere)
• Disciplines related to Human Ecology

  • Sociology
  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
• Changes that planning seeks to address

  • The nature of the activity itself
  • The space in which it was carried out
  • Its location with respect to all other activities
  • The kinds of communications made with activities at other locations
  • The channels which served to carry or transmit them
• Planning seeks to

  • Regulate or control the activity of individual and groups in such a way as to minimize the bad effects which may arise
  • Promote better performance of the physical environment in accordance with a set of broad aims and more specific objectives set out in a plan
• Julian Haynes Steward


  An American anthropologist known for developing the concept and method of cultural ecology, as well as a scientific theory of culture change
• Location theory


  • Explains the pattern of land use
  • Indicates a solution to the problem of what is the most rational use of land suggesting ways in which the current pattern can be improved
• Ian McHarg


  A landscape architect and writer on regional planning using natural systems, who called for a future when all planning would be "human ecological planning" by default, always bound up in human's relationship with their environments
• Von Thunen model


  1. Postulated that around a central town, rural land of constant fertility assumed different forms

  2. Land use diminishing intensively in reverse relationship to increased distance from the town

  3. Land in greatest demand would be as near as possible to the market on account of low transport costs

  4. Outer belt would have little demand for land because of transport costs
• Influential scholars who contributed to Human Ecology


  • Harlan H. Barrows
  • Robert Ezra Park
  • Kurt Lewin
  • Kenneth E. Boulding
  • Julian Steward
  • Roderick D. McKenzie
  • Ian McHarg
  • Ruson Wang
  • Gregory Bateson
• Existence of a navigable river


  • Cost of river transport are low especially for bulky commodities compared to fairly high transport cost overland
  • River would have the effect of extending the different land uses almost parallel along its course
• Harlan H. Barrows


  A geographer who considered human ecology to be a unique field of geography, divided into economic geography, political geography, and social geography
• Small city with its own production zones located within the land use pattern of the main settlements


  Further modification of the overall use pattern
• Von Thunen model assumed unlikely conditions such as production taking place around an isolated market place and soil being of constant fertility
• Robert Ezra Park


  An urban sociologist who considered human ecology as the study of the relationship between biotic balance and social equilibrium, emphasizing the cultural structure of human society

  
• Kurt Lewin


  A psychologist who expanded human ecology into the world of the mind, using "the environment" to describe the mental environment
• Kenneth E. Boulding


  An economist who saw a strong correlation between economics and ecology based on five basic similarities
• Julian Steward


  An anthropologist who emphasized the role that culture has in explaining the nature of human societies, considering human society to be dictated by much more than the immediate physical environment and biotic assemblage
• Von Thunen model established a distance-cost relationship which recently became the basis of urban location theory

  
• Roderick D. McKenzie


  A sociologist who believed human ecology to be concerned with the process of spatial grouping of interacting human beings or of interrelated human institutions

  
• Price mechanism largely decides the profitability or utility of goods and services, it subsequently determines the location of activity and the spatial structure of the urban area supplying these goods and services