Module 2 (year 11 biology)

• taproot (primary root)


  primary root found in some plants that grows longer and thicker than other roots

  
• vascular tissue


  specialized tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients.

  
• root cap


  a structure that covers the tip of a root, protecting the root from injury

  
• Nodes


  the points at which leaves are attached

  
• ground tissue


  tissue between the dermal tissue and vascular tissue of a non-woody plant that functions in photosynthesis, storage, and support

  
• root hairs


  tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients

  
• Lateral Roots (Secondary Roots)


  The roots that grow out of the sides of a taproot.

  
• internode


  A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.

  
• Phloem


  Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

  
• root system


  All of a plant's roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.

  
• dermal tissue


  The protective covering of plants; generally a single layer of tightly packed epidermal cells covering young plant organs formed by primary growth.

  
• meristematic tissue


  plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots; responsible for plant growth

  
• shoot system


  The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.

  
• apical (terminal) bud


  bud at tip of a stem responsible for terminal growth

  
• stem


  supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them

  
• blade


  thin, flattened section of a plant leaf that collects sunlight

  
• Xylem


  vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

  
• leaf


  the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

  
• Autotroph


  An organism that makes its own food

  
• non-vascular plants


  plants that lack vascular tissue for transporting materials

  
• Osmosis


  Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

  
• concentration gradient


  A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.

  
• Photosynthesis


  Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

  
• mesophyll cells


  A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.

  
• palisade cells


  closely packed photosynthetic cells within leaves

  
• Gaseous exchange


  The process where oxygen is taken in from the air and exchanged

  
• guard cells


  The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

  
• Stomata


  Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

  
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)


  a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

  
• PET


  positron emission tomography

  
• Micro-CT Imaging


  Xrays are rotated and images from different angles are stitched together
• Radio isotopes


  radioactive isotopes
• waxy cuticle


  Forms a waterproof layer to stop water loss due to photosynthesis

  
• Transpiration


  Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

  
• Evapotranspiration


  The combined amount of evaporation and transpiration

  
• Lenticels


  Small raised areas in the bark of stems and roots that enable gas exchange between living cells and the outside air.

  
• Chloroplast


  An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

  
• tracheal system


  In insects, a system of branched, air-filled tubes that extends throughout the body and carries oxygen directly to cells.
• gills


  organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with water
• Alveoli


  tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood