kin 2501 new final

• Title IX enacted June 23rd, 1972 
• Women's Sport Foundation is a national advocacy group for women and girls in sport
• As public-tax supported programs are cut


  Sport programs often become privatized
• Privatization of sport programs has a negative impact by eliminating a huge part of the female population who are unaware of the potential opportunities
• Title IX- Legislation that gave women an opportunity to attend grad school and pursue harder/higher majors, and was mainly associated with sports
• Title IX prohibited discrimination under any educational program or activity that receives federal financial aid
• Grove City College vs Bell case said Title IX only applies to programs that receive financial aid directly (1984)
• Franklin vs Gwinnet County Public Schools case allowed plaintiffs to be awarded punitive damages if Title IX is violated (1992)
• Whistle-blowers (like coach Roderick Jackson) were protected for calling out Title IX violations and identifying inequities (2005)
• Title IX- Three-pronged test:

  • (1) Proportionality test- Sport opportunities for male and female students at the institution are "substantially proportionate to their respective full-time undergraduate enrollments
  • (2) Accommodation of Interest Test- The institution is "fully and effectively accommodating the interests and abilities of the underrepresented sex
  • (3) History of Progress Test-The institution has a "history and continuing practice of program expansion for the underrepresented sex
• 2000 Olympic Games-Sydney


  • A place people wanted to visit
  • North and South Korea entered as one team
  • Australia marched in first and all their athletes wore matching fits and threw prizes into stands
  • Friendly and heartwarming
• Technology at the 2000 Olympic Games


  • Swimmers had new tighter suits that looked like dolphins
  • Marathoners used microchips in their shoes
• Concerns over safety at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece due to the war in the Middle East
• The Greek government promised to provide economic help for their citizens before the 2004 Olympic Games but ended up doing nothing
• 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China


  • Volunteers came in to fill seats so it didn't look so empty
  • Chinese government promised unlimited and censored access to media, but this did not happen and access was very limited
  • Chinese said they would allow protestors for human rights, but all applications were denied
• New sports added for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games included BMX biking and marathon swimming
• 2012 London Olympics


  • 3rd time held in London
  • 1924, 1948 previous London Olympics
• 2012 London Olympics


  • Focused on all things English
  • British notables shown in opening
  • Brought in the Spice Girls and Paul McCartney
• 2012 London Olympics


  • Most watched sport was swimming
  • Rivalry between Phelps and his own teammate - Ryan Lochte
• 2012 London Olympics Badmitton Scandal 


  • Scandal in badminton
  • Some disqualified athletes and teams due to lack of effort and shaming the sport
  • China, South Korea, and Indonesia were playing poorly in badminton in order to be guaranteed better seeding
• Where would the 2020 Olympics have taken place?


  Tokyo, Japan
• NBC had rights to the 2000 Sydney Olympics and their affiliates did not stream live 

  • It was tape delayed 
  • Time difference in Australia from US = 18 hours 
  • NBC had to air commercials for free after the games 
  • Had to do something to keep their sponsors happy 
  • Many people didn't watch b/c they already knew the results of the events 
• terrorist threats in Sydney Olympics (2000); about 12 a day 

  • New Zealand uncovered something and prevented it from happening 
  • All kept behind the scenes 
• Muhammad Ali


  Louisville Lip bc he did not hold his mouth shut 

  • First name Cassius Clay  
• • Muhammad Ali refused to enter into the draft for "religious reasons" 
  • Exiled from boxing for 3 years 
  • Opposition was controversial  
  • He spoke out against American involvement in Vietnam  
• 1. 1920 - Antwerp (Belgium) 

  • Olympic flag flown for 1st time 
  • First games since WWI 
  • Germany and allies could not participate 
  • Had to take and oath - taken by flag bearer = oath of amateurism 
• 1924 - Paris 

  • Expulsion of tennis 
  • Did not want to follow amateur rules and was removed from the games for 64 years but returned in 1988 
  • Pierre de Coubertin retires and wants the game in Paris one last time 
  • Week of winter games held in same area during same year 
  • French could not guarantee German's safety in Olympics - did not participate 
• 1928 - Amsterdam  

  Track and field events but women were not allowed to participate 
• 1932 - LA 

  1. LA games were not super popular bc the games were still not seen as an international sport 
  2. People not willing to travel here  
  3. 1300 athletes participated 
  4. Photo-finish cameras and automatic timing devices
• Progressive Era


  1900s - people who wanted to improve lives for immigrants coming to the country
• Progressive reformers


  • WASP's who led the way as social reformers
  • Campaigned against the manufacture and consumption of alcohol (prohibition)
  • Organized workers in labor unions
  • Often employed sport in a variety of programs to educate and assimilate immigrants and address the perceived social ills
• Progressive reformers' 3-tier procedure to assimilate the working class

  1. Humanitarian concerns - child labor laws (met with resistance from parents)

  2. Passes mandatory education laws because unemployed children roamed the streets (joining gangs, crime)

  3. Physical education in the schools; supervised games and sport taught deference to authority
• The Golden Age of Sport- 1900-1920's


  • Sports become an everyday part of American culture
  • Sports media and fan
  • Automobile, radio, TV bring sport to America
  • Increased sports participation (youth, interscholastic, college, adult rec)
  • Athletes become American icons
• Babe Ruth (1914-1935)


  • Invented the home run
  • He sucked in school and went to St. Mary's school and it was like a baseball academy
  • He changed the game by increasing baseball's popularity and by increasing the competition with score
• Babe Ruth is recognized as a representative of baseball
• Babe Ruth


  • Considered among the 3 most important athletes in US History
  • Baseball = National Pastime
  • Timing: Black Sox Scandal - 1919 World Series - Chicago White Sox "fix" series - Tarnishes baseball's image - Solution? Commissioner Kennesaw Mountain Landis
  • Ruth changes the game - Strategy, Excitement, Fan base
  • Ruth is America's first and largest "media darling", becomes the face of his sport, and a symbol of America
  • He plays for one of the most significant sports dynasties
• Kennesaw Mountain Landis

  • He is remembered for his resolution of the Black Sox Scandal, in which he expelled eight members of the Chicago White Sox from organized baseball for conspiring to lose the 1919 World Series and repeatedly refused their reinstatement requests.
• Lou Gehrig (1923-1939)


  • Known as the "iron man" aka went on a huge streak of games he played in
  • Died of ALS (called Lou Gehrig disease)
  • Played w Babe Ruth but they did not really get along
• Joe DiMaggio (1936-1951)


  • Most famous for 56 consecutive games
  • Played during WWII
  • Set record with 56 consecutive games where he hit a ball
• Negro League Baseball

  • Andrew "Rube" Foster= primary organizer for this professional league - Patterned his league after what MLB was doing - Thought when segregation in baseball would end, you would see whole teams from negro league playing in the MLB
  • Very famous played in the negro league - Josh Gibson = catcher; very similar to Babe - Cool Papa Bell = base stealer - Satchell Paige = pitcher; showman; pitched baseball for over 5 decades
  • All star games: 30,000-50,000 fans attended