Health Assessment

• unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with tissue damage/damage

  pain
• lasts only through expected recovery period, has an identifiable cause, and short duration

  acute pain
• pain that lasts longer than 3-6 months and is constant with mild-to-severe intensity

  chronic pain
• pain due to problems in other areas manifest in different body part

  referred pain
• pain scale reading from 1-3

  mild pain
• pain scale reading from 4-6

  moderate pain
• pain scale reading from 7-10

  severe pain
• when an intact, properly functioning nervous system sends signals that tissues are damaged, requiring attention and proper care

  nociceptive pain
• once stabilized or healed, pain goes away

  nociceptive pain
• pain originating from skin, muscles, bone, or connective tissue

  somatic pain
• pain that results from the activation of nociceptors of the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal viscera (organs)

  visceral pain
• pain that is associated with damaged/malfunctioning nerves due to illness, injury, or undetermined reasons

  neuropathic pain
• due to damage to peripheral nervous system

  peripheral neuropathic pain
• (pain assessment) what causes the pain? has medication/treatment worked in the past?

  precipitating/alleviating factors
• (pain assessment) ask patient to describe pain using words like "sharp, dull, stabbing, burning"

  quality of pain
• (pain assessment) does pain exist in one location or radiate to other areas?

  radiation
• (pain assessment) have patient use descriptive, numeric, or visual scale to rate pain

  severity
• (pain assessment) is the pain constant or intermittent? when did it begin?

  timing
• objective signs of pain (3)

  facial expressions, vocalizations, body movements
• 0 = no pain through to 10 being the worst pain

  numeric rating scale
• face 0 = does not hurt at all

  face 2 = hurts a little bit

  face 4 = hurts a little more

  face 6 = hurts even more

  face 8 = hurts a whole lot

  face 10 = hurts as much you can imagine

  wong baker's faces pain scale
• has a high degree of usefulness for cognitively impaired and many critically ill children

  FLACC
• each category is scored on a 0-2 scale, which results in a total pain score between 0 and 10

  FLACC
• heart rate may increase, respiratory rate and pattern may shift, bp may increase, o2 sat may decrease

  physiological indicators
• response is noted as none, mild, moderate, or severe

  verbal rating scale
• defines pain in 3 major dimensions by 20 set of descriptive words as:

  10 sets describes sensory

  5 sets describe motivational

  1 set describe cognitive evaluative

  4 sets describe miscellaneous dimensions

  mc gill pain questionnaire
• measure both intensity of pain and its interference with the patient life

  brief pain inventory
• pain assessment tool for cancer patients and consists of three separate visual analog scales and assesses pain, pain relief, and mood

  memorial pain assessment card
• important for diagnosing the nature/character of pain whether it is nociceptive or neuropathic or a mixed nature

  assessment of quality or nature of pain
• has two components in form of symptoms and signs. each item binary response is noted as yes/no

  leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs
• scores ___ indicates pain is likely to be neuropathic

  >12/24
• self questionnaire consisting of 12 items (10 related to sensations and 2 related to affect) and each item score on a scale of 0 to 100

  neuropathic pain questionnaire
• consists of 7 items related to symptoms and 3 items related to physical examination, score 1(yes) or 0(no), and score of >4 as neuropathic pain

  DN4 questions
• score >19 indicates neuropathic pain and <12 unlikely neuropathic pain. patient based self report questionnaire consisting of 9 items:

  7 sensory descriptions

  2 related to radiating and temporal characteristics

  pain detect
• do you have a 60% reduction in your pain? "yes/no"

  binary scale
• distance from no pain to the patient mark indicates the severity of pain numerically

  visual analog scale
• self questionnaire consisting of 5 sensory description and 1 item regarding pain located in the joints; higher scores indicates neuropathic pain (pins and needs, numb, shocks)

  ID pain
• use of physical force to harm someone, to damage property, etc.

  violence
• theory where batterers suffer personality disorders

  psychopathology theory
• theory where violence is learned behavior from childhood

  social learning theory