BIO FINALS

• Transport in organisms is essential in moving and delivering particles, such as fluid and nutrients, to the different parts of the body
• Transport in animals differ depending on several factors
• In animals, the nature of the circulatory system varies depending on the size, complexity, and habitat of an organism
• Open circulatory system


  The blood is not enclosed in the blood vessels and is pumped into a cavity called hemocoel
• Closed circulatory system


  Blood is contained inside blood vessels, circulating in one direction from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returning to the heart again
• The circulatory system, which is made up of the heart and blood vessels, supports the respiratory system by bringing blood to and from the lungs
• The circulatory system helps deliver nutrients and oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs throughout the body
• The circulatory system helps remove carbon dioxide and waste products
• Heart


  A muscular organ that pumps blood to all parts of the body
• Heart


  • A normal adult heart beats around 60 to 100 beats per minute and pumps around 5.5 liters of blood
• Endocardium


  Muscle that lines the inner chambers of the heart, providing a non-adhesive surface for efficient blood flow and allowing smooth opening and closing of the heart valves
• Pericardium


  Muscle that lines the outer chambers of the heart, a protective, fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart and helps it function properly
• Atrium


  The two upper chambers of the heart that receive and collect blood
• Right atrium


  Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle
• Left atrium


  Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle
• Ventricles


  The two lower chambers of the heart that pump out blood
• Right ventricle


  Pumps deoxygenated blood away from the heart and towards the lungs
• Left ventricle


  Pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body
• Tricuspid valve


  Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, controls the flow of blood and prevents backflow
• Pulmonary valve


  Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, opens to allow deoxygenated blood to flow to the lungs and closes to prevent backflow
• Mitral valve


  Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, regulates blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle
• Aortic valve


  Located between the left ventricle and the aorta, ensures that oxygenated blood does not flow back into the left ventricle
• Arteries


  Blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body's cells
• Veins


  Blood vessels that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to the heart
• Red blood cells


  Carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout the body, also transport waste such as carbon dioxide back to the lungs
• White blood cells


  Fight viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders
• Plasma


  Transports nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it, and helps remove waste from the body
• Platelets


  Prevent and stop bleeding
• Xylem


  Moves water from the roots upward to the leaves or shoots to be used in photosynthesis, and delivers dissolved minerals and growth factors to cells through passive transport
• Phloem


  The vascular tissue in charge of transport and distribution of the organic nutrients, also a pathway for signaling molecules and has a structural function in the plant body
• Nutrition


  The process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life
• Types of Nutrition


  • Autotrophic
  • Heterotrophic
• Autotrophs


  Organisms that can produce their own food using materials from inorganic sources
• Types of Autotrophic Nutrition


  • Photoautotrophs
  • Chemoautotrophs
• Photoautotrophs


  Organisms that carry out photosynthesis, using energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic materials
• Photoautotrophs


  • Green plants
  • Photosynthetic bacteria
• Chemoautotrophs


  Organisms that make their own food by chemosynthesis, using chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
• Chemoautotrophs


  • Nitrobacter
  • Nitrosomonas
  • Sulphur bacteria
• Heterotrophs


  Organisms that eat other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
• Heterotrophs


  • Animals
  • Non-autotrophic bacteria
  • Fungi