Exam 3

• How common is family violence? What are the patterns of intimate partner violence (offenders, victims, weapons, location, etc.)?

  • 1.2/100,000 female population, 47,000 worldwide
  • Offender - most likely male
  • Victim - most likely female
  • Weapon - physical violence or even a gun
  • Location - ?
• Is abuse committed more often by men or women? Are the consequences the same? 

  • More by men than by women
  • Women have a greater risk for consequences
• Describe the cycle of domestic violence. 

  • Tension building phase
  • Battering phase
  • Loving/contrition phase

  
• Discuss research support for the view that the greater the inequality between intimate partners, the greater the risk for violence.  

  • Relationship powers and abuse
  • For example. Woman gets pregnant (loses power ), man gets more power and thinks he is superior which leads to a greater risk of violence
• What is meant by the statement that intimate partner violence is “chronic”? Is that supported by research on intimate partner violence in other countries?  

  • Chronic means the violence is persistent
• Why do victims of domestic abuse stay in abusive relationships?

  • Shocked by the act and forgives the offender
  • There are children involved and hopes it will get better with time
  • Leaving can be good short-term but not long-term
  • Women are financially dependent on their husband
  • Threats towards friends and family
  • Limited space in shelter
• How many children are killed by parents each year? Discuss the patterns of child murder. Why do parents kill their children? 

  • 500 per year
  • About 75% are 6 years old or younger
  • Sons are more likely to get killed
  • "Personal weapons" used to kill (younger children)
  • Father likely to kill older children
  • Older child more likely to be killed by a gun
• How many parents are killed by their children? What are some of the warning signs or correlates?

  • 250-300 per year
  • Child raised in dysfunctional family
  • Ongoing family violence
  • Failed attempts to get help
  • Child becomes stressed and vulnerable
  • There's a firearm in the household
• Parricide typology


  Classification of reasons why children kill their parents
• Severely abused children

  • Kill their abusive parent to end the abuse
• Dangerously antisocial children

  • Kill the parent to further their own goals, as the parent is an obstacle in their path
• Severely mentally ill children

  • Kill the parent largely as a result of severe mental illness
• This type (severely abused children killing abusive parent)

  • Is most common among juvenile offenders
• Severely mentally ill children killing parent

  • More common among adult offenders
• What are the effects of harsh physical discipline on children? Are there time periods in which children are at greater risk for abuse/murder? 

  • Children under 5 have a greater risk, even greater is under 3 - these ages are less independent
  • There's also a greater risk if the child has a disability
  • Punishment can lead to aggression and delinquency
  • Parents who approve physical punishment are 4 times likely to abuse their children
• How did the term, “Going Postal” originate and what were some of its consequences?

  • 2 shootings blew up this term in the 1980s
  • Postal workers were stressed and went bananas
  • People thought being a mailman was super dangerous
  • Postal workers are 1/3 times less likely to get murdered at work
• How common is lethal and non-lethal workplace violence?

  • Lethal
  • 400-1,000 homicides per year
  • Non-lethal
  • Simple Assault: 4 per 1000
  • Aggravated Assault: 0.9 per 1000
  • Robbery: 0.2 per 1000
  • Rape/sexual assault: 0.1 per 1000
• What are the different types of workplace violence? Which type is most common? 

  • Simple Assault: 4 per 1000
  • Aggravated Assault: 0.9 per 1000
  • Robbery: 0.2 per 1000
  • Rape/sexual assault: 0.1 per 1000
  • Simple assault is most common
• Who is more likely to be the victims of lethal workplace violence, men or women? What types of occupations and industries have high rates of violence? What about these jobs makes them risky? 

  • Males, more than 65%
  • Law enforcement, nurses, mental health professionals and teachers have the highest rates
  • Violence is present in their daily activities, such as for cops and at schools
• Define and discuss the concepts of routine activities theory.  

  • Crime occurs when there are suitable targets
  • Occurs when offenders are out
  • Occurs when there are no guardians or bystanders aka late at night or super early morning
• How does non-lethal violence compare to lethal workplace violence? What are the characteristics of the victims and circumstances? 

  • Non-lethal
  • Males are more likely to be a victim unless it's sexual assault or abuse
  • Same gender attack each other
  • Lethal
  • Victims are males, 80%
  • More males work in the fields and have more dangerous jobs
  • Retail and service + drivers and chauffeurs are at most risk
• Define and discuss the application or rational choice and aggression theory on workplace violence

  • Assessing costs and benefits of their choice
  • Aggression is instrumental behavior
• Can workplace violence be prevented? What are the most effective strategies? What are the most common strategies?

  • Yes
  • Environmental design - restricted access to cash and for non-employeers
  • Administrative control - controlling movements of organization, more people on duty in retail, and better way of opening and closing businesses
• Criminal Intent

  • Theft is primary motive, and may involve weapons (e.g. robbery)
  • Accounts for > 80% of workplace homicides
• Customer/client

  • Offender is a customer or client and attacks victim (e.g. mental health facility, nurse, prison guard) 
  • Accounts for about 3-4% of workplace homicides 
• Worker on worker

  • Former or present employee attacks
  • Accounts for about 8% of workplace homicides
• Personal relationship

  • Domestic violence related
  • Accounts for about 5-6% of workplace homicides
• What do we know about the characteristics of school shooters? Give specific evidence from course materials. Are school shootings prevalent? 

  • The deadliest shootings are from white men
  • Lots of black victims here
  • 95% of shooters are male
  • 12-18 year offenders in elementary and secondary school shootings
  • Likely older than 25 in college shootings
  • The likelhood of a school shooting is low
• How much violence occurs at school? How do we know? Describe at least two specific measures of school violence discussed in the text and give examples. 

  • 29 per 1,000 students
  • 47% reported to law enforcement
  • NCES conducts research
  • 1 in 5 reported bullying
  • 8% had been in a fight
• What are some of the risk factors for school violence?

  • Students not going to school
  • More likely to drop out of school
  • Bad habits such as alcohol and drugs
  • Lower self-esteem
  • Higher suicide risk
• How common is teacher victimization?

  • 6% of teachers reported being threatened in 2020-2021
  • More common among female teachers in public schools
• School violence - control theory

  • A stronger connection to peers and academics means more to lose if you engage in bad behaviors and violence
• School violence - school climate theory

  • Rules and guidelines
  • Bad school climate foster bad behaviors
  • Sometimes you just need to listen to the kids
• School violence - social disorganization theory

  • Neighborhood problems could spread to school
  • Bad community characteristics
  • Poverty
  • Family disruption
  • Weak local social organization
• School prevention programs - physical surveillance

  • Weapons deterrence
  • Campus officers
  • Armed security personnel
• School prevention programs - zero tolerance policies

  • School policies
  • School uniforms
  • Expelling
• What about college students? Do they have higher rates of violent victimization compared to their non-college peers? Are there any exceptions?

  • Less incidents in college compared to younger ages
  • Most things happen off campus so most likely non-college peers have a higher rate of victimization
• What is a gang? Describe the self-nomination technique in studying gang membership and discuss its strengths and limitations. 

  • “A street gang is any durable, street-oriented youth group whose involvement in illegal activity is part of its group identity”
• In what kind of place are gangs most likely to be present? 

  • In larger cities followed by suburban cities
• Traditional gangs

  • Stereotype gang
  • Been around for 20+ years
  • More than 100 members