Protists

• 6 supergroups of protists:

  • Archaeplastida
  • Amoebozoa
  • Ophistokonta
  • Rhizaria
  • Chromalveolata
  • Excavata
• 2 types of chromalveolata:

  • alveolates
  • stramenopiles
• 2 types of excavata:

  • diplonomads
  • euglenozoans
• 2 examples of amoebozoa:

  • slime molds
  • gymnamoeba
• Glaucophytes belong under Archaeplastida
• Archaeplastida includes red and green algae
• Sall are descendants of an endosymbiotic relationship between a heterotrophic protists and a cyanobacterium
• Glaucophytes are small groups of Archaeplastida
• Glaucophytes' chloroplasts retain remnants of peptidoglycan
• Red algae lacks flagella and are multicellular
• Red algae has a second cell wall
• Red algae's carbohydrates are the source of agarose
• Agarose is used for electrophoresis and agar
• Red comes from phycoerythrins
• Chlorophytes inhabit in freshwater & damp soil
• Charophytes inhavit in wet habitats
• Charophytes' presence means healthy ecosystem
• Spirogyra is an example of charophyte
• Chlamydomonas is an example of chlorophytes
• Chlamydomonas is unicellular and pear-shaped.
• Amoebozoa cells have pseudopodia that extends like flat lobe
• Amoebozoa includes both free-living and parasitic species
• Gymnamoeba is also called lobose amoebae
• Gymnamoeba includes naked amoebae like amoeba proteus
• Slime molds have many morphological similarities to fungi
• Slime molds develop into spore-generating fruiting bodies
• Opisthokonta are named for the single posterior flagellum
• Choanoflagellates have a single, apical flagellum surrounded by a contractile collar
• Contractile collar that is used to filter and collect bacteria for ingestion by protist
• Rhizaria is a thin-needle, thread-like, root-like pseudopodia'
• Rhizaria makes calcium carbonate, silicon, or strontium salts
• Rhizarians have important roles carbon and nitrogen cycles
• Upon death of rhizaria, their tests sink into deep water, the carbonates are out of reach of most decomposers
• Rhizaria are unicellular heterotrophic protists resembling tiny snails
• Foraminiferans are also useful as indicators of pollution

  and changes in global weather patterns
• Chromalveolata= common ancestor that engulfed a photosynthetic red algal cell
• Chromalveolata includes diatoms, brown algae, and significant disease agents in animals and plants
• Dinoflagellates have a nuclear variant called a dinokaryon.
• Dinokaryon chromosomes are highly condensed

  throughout cell cycle
• Dinokaryon chromosomes do not have typical histones.