Intelligence

• intelligence


  mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

  
• Charles Spearman


  used and developed factor analysis (identifies clusters of related items)

  
• general intelligence (g)


  underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

  
• L. L Thurstone


  opponent to Spearman

  seven clusters of primary mental abilities

  
• Howard Gardner


  also disagreed with Spearman

  concept of multiple (8) intelligence

  came up with idea of savants

  
• Gardeners Multiple Intelligences


  visual/spatial

  verbal/linguistic

  musical/rhythmic

  logical/mathematical

  bodily/kinesthetic

  interpersonal

  interpersonal

  natural

  
• analytic intelligence


  (academic-problem-solving)

  traditional intelligence traits

  
• practical intelligence


  required for everyday tasks where multiple solutions exist

  
• emotional (social) intelligence


  perceiving emotions

  understanding emotions

  managing emotions

  using emotions

  
• delayed gratification

  (self-discipline)

  is the key to long term success (according to the Stanford Marshmallow Experiment)

  
• Alfred Binet


  helped label kid's mental ages to help predict future performance

  
• Lewis Terman


  Stanford-Binet Test

  widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test

  
• IQ score


  (Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)


  most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

  
• achievement test


  a test designed to asses what a person has learned

  
• aptitude test


  a test designed to predict a person's future performance,

  aptitude is the capacity to learn

  
• standardiation


  defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group (Representative sample)

  form a normal distribution or bell curve

  
• 68%


  Amount of people with IQs between 85 and 115 (one SD of the mean)

  
• 95%


  Amount of people with IQs between 70 and 130 (two SD of the mean)
• The Flynn Effect


  intelligence scores have risen throughout the last 100 years or so (due to environment)

  
• reliability


  when it yields consistant results
• split- half reliability


  dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are
• test-retest reliability


  using the same test on two occasions to measure consitency
• validity


  the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to meaure
• content validity


  extent to which a test accurately measure the subject intended to measure (entirety, breadth, etc.)
• predictive validity


  the extent to which test score forecasts future behaviors or results

  
• criterion validity


  scores on a particular test are positively correlated with scores on another existing and well established test (criterion) of the same skill, trait, ability
• z-score


  tells us whether a particular score is equal to the mean. below the mean or above the mean, by how many standard deviations

  
• stereotype threat


  a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

  
• Sternberg


  Came up with the theory of Three Intelligences (analytical, creative, & practical)