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• Solids


  • Definite shape and fixed volume
  • Particles tightly packed together and only vibrate
• Liquids


  • Fixed volume
  • Particles able to roll over each other, have more motion than solids and take up the space of the area they are in
• Gases


  • Don't have fixed volume nor definite shape
  • Particles always in motion and freely move
  • Particles take the space of the area they are in
• Particle movement when exposed to heat

  Particles gain more energy and begin to bounce around more, meaning they have gained more motion
• Particle movement when exposed to cooling


  Particles lose energy and begin to slow down their motion
• Expansion


  1. Particles exposed to heat gain more energy and motion

  2. As they bounce around more, they take up more space resulting in expansion
• Contraction


  1. Particles cool down and lose energy, meaning they have a decrease in motion

  2. This results in contraction
• Kinetic energy


  • Involved in the motion of particles
  • When particles are exposed to heat, they have an increase in kinetic energy and gain more motion
• The particle theory shows the different phases of matter
• Matter


  • Anything that has mass and takes up space by having volume
  • The main states of matter are solids, liquids and gas
• Density


  • Measurement of how tightly a substance is packed together
  • Defined as mass per unit volume
  • Can be found using the formula mass divided by volume
• Archimedes principle


  Principle discovered by Archimedes who found that you could find the volume of both regular and irregular substances by placing them in a tub of water and determining how much it has risen from its initial point
• Pure substances


  • Made of only one type of particle
  • Have fixed structure
  • The two types are compounds and elements
• Mixtures

  • Combination of two or more pure substances that are physically bonded together
  • Retain original properties
  • Components not fixed in quantity
  • Can only be separated by physical means
  • Example: fruit salad
• Elements


  • Pure substance made of only one type of atom
  • Can't be physically nor chemically bonded
  • Have consistent composition
  • The two types are metals and non-metals
• Compounds


  Made of two or more elements that are chemically bonded together
• Metals


  • Ductile
  • Good conductors of heat and electricity
  • Malleable
  • Lustrous
  • High density
• Non-metals


  • Brittle
  • Dull
  • Bad conductors of heat and electricity
  • Good insulators
  • Low density
• Metals


  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Gold
  • Silver
• Physical changes


  • Change of appearance of a substance
  • Chemical changes do not form a new substance and is a process that is often reversible
  • Can be determined by state of matter, temperature, shape, texture, color
• Chemical changes


  • Change that makes a new chemical
  • Not reversible and makes a new substance
  • Can be determined by temperature, color, odor, bubbles, solubility
• Arrangement of particles in chemical and physical changes


  1. In chemical changes, particles are either bonded, broken or rearranged

  2. In physical changes, particles remain the same
• Dilute


  Solute is much less than the solvent
• Concentrated


  Solute is much more than the solvent
• Saturated


  Solute can not be mixed in with the solvent anymore
• Atom


  The fundamental unit of matter
• Mass


  The amount of matter in an object
• Volume


  The amount of space occupied by an object
• Melting


  1. Solid substances transition into a liquid state

  2. Particles at first held tightly together with only vibration

  3. Particles then have an increase in energy and begin to bounce around more and have more motion

  4. Particles are then able to roll over each other