Lecture 1

• Knowledge obtained from inquiry or investigation

  History
• Claimed that history is the story of societal development

  Ibn Khaldun
• Said that history is the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind

  Edward Gibbon
• Claimed that history should highlight the achievements of people

  Jose Rizal
• Two academic definitions of history

  Narrative and academic discipline about the past
• Three elements of history

  Time, place and people
• Lifeline of scholarly texts

  Historical revisionism
• History is scientific, objective, or empirical due to its reliance on historical sources for information
• Before the 20th century, history writing was described as traditional historiography
• Before the 20th century, history was focused on three main topics only - politics, economy, and diplomacy
• Leopold von Ranke's thinking that claims that history can only be acquired through our senses

  Historical positivism
• In the 1920s, history was expanded by the Annales School of France which introduced nouvelle histoire
• Historians rely on historical sources (batis pangkasaysayan) for information that can be used to reconstruct the past
• The most important and useful sources are usually found in the archives.
• Process where historical sources are thoroughly evaluated by historians

  historical criticism
• Sinupan - archives
• Level of historical criticism that establishes the authenticity of the source

  First level
• Level of historical criticism that establishes the veracity of the source

  Second level
• Refers to the ability to compare information from different sources and find similarities between them.

  Corroboration
• Historical criticism ascertains the reliability of historical sources.
• Diagrams that illustrate the flow and development of historical events.

  Historical models
• Three main kinds of historical models – linear, cyclical, and spiral
• Believes that geography has a strong influence on people and their history

  Geographical determinism
• Main proponent of geographical determinism

  Charles Louis Montesquieu