EXAMOTHAFUCKIN#3

Cards (54)

General activities of phagocytes:
Survey the tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells
Ingest and eliminate these materials
To read immunogenic information (antigens)
Types of phagocytes:
•Neutrophils
•Monocytes
•Macrophages
Skin - Organism/Disease
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Clostridium tetani
Herpes simplex (type 1)
Helminth worms
Viruses
Rickettsias
Protozoa (i.e., malaria, West Nile virus)
Haemophilus aegyptius
Chlamydia trachomatis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Prodromal stage:
• 1- to 2-day period when the earliest notable symptoms of
infection appear
• Vague feeling of discomfort: head and muscle aches, fatigue, upset stomach, general malaise
Acute phase:
• Infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits its greatest virulence, becomes well established in its target tissue
• Marked by fever and other prominent and specific signs and symptoms
• Extremely variable in length of this period
The three functional types of T cells are as follows:
Helper T cells: activate macrophages, assist B-cell processes, and help activate cytotoxic T cells
Regulatory T cells: control the T-cell response by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines or preventing proliferation
Cytotoxic T cells: lead to the destruction of infected host cells and other “foreign” cells
T cells secrete cytokines to help destroy pathogens, but they do not produce antibodies
Specific Events in T-Cell Development
• Maturation of T cells and development of their receptors is directed by the thymus gland and its hormones
• CD3 receptors: surround the T-cell receptor and assist in binding
• CD4 coreceptors: accessory receptor proteins that helps the T-
cell receptor bind to MHC class II molecules
• CD8 coreceptors: found on cytotoxic T cells and helps bind MHC class I molecules
Type: T helper cell 1 (TH1)
C-receptors on T Cell: CD4
Function/Important Features: Activates the cell-mediated immunity pathway; secretes tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma; also responsible for delayed hypersensitivity (allergy occurring several hours or days after contact); secretes IL-2
Type: T follicular helper cell CD4 Promotes inflammation
C-receptors on T Cell: CD4, CD40L
Function/Feature: Drives B-cell proliferation, and aids B cells in antibody class switching
T regulatory cell (Treg)
CD25, CD4
Controls adaptive immune response; prevents autoimmunity; can contribute to cancer progression
T Helper (Th) Cells:
Many Th cells have the CD4 marker to regulating immune reactions to antigens
Activating macrophage
Direct receptor contact
Indirectly by releasing cytokines: interferon-gamma(IFNγ)
Some secrete interleukin 2 (IL-2) -
stimulates primary growth
activation of T cells, including cytotoxic T cells
Secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 - stimulating B cells - 65% of the T-cell population
Polymicrobial Infections:
Majority of infections are polymicrobial, with contributions from more than one microbe
Influenza infection frequently leads to pneumonia
Several types of skin infections are caused by either Staphylococcus or Streptococcus species:
When these two are cultivated with Moraxella, the three of them together lead to disease symptoms
Hypersensitivity: Four Types
Type I: “common” allergy and anaphylaxis
Type II: IgG- and IgM-mediated cell damage
Type III: immune complex
Type IV: T-cell response
Type I:
"Common" allergy and anaphylaxis
Immediate hypersensitivity
IgE mediated, IgE is produced rapidly in response to antigens;
Involves mast cells (IgE bind), basophils(IgE bind), and allergic mediators
Anaphylaxis, allergies such as hay fever, asthma
Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions:
releases histamines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes
increases blood vessel permeability, mucus secretions, smooth muscle contractions
enhances inflammation - too much
Type II, Antibody-mediated: IgG, IgM antibodies +complement - cell lysis - autoimmune diseases
Example: Blood group incompatibility; pernicious anemia; myasthenia gravis
Immune complex- mediated:
Antibody-mediated inflammation; circulating IgG complexes deposited in basement membranes of target organs; includes some autoimmune diseases
Examples: Systemic lupus erythematosus; rheumatoid arthritis; serum sickness; rheumatic fever
Type-IV:
Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis
Type II and III
Systemic
Vasculitis; frequently target joint lining; antibodies against other antibodies (rheumatoid factor)
T-cell cytokine damage
Type 1 Diabetes
Pancreas
T cells attack insulin-producing cells
Delayed hypersensitivity and cytotoxic reactions in tissues; includes some autoimmune diseases

Multiple sclerosis
Myelin
Type II
T cells and antibodies sensitized to myelin sheath destroy neurons
Effects of histamine 
1. Constricts smooth muscle in the small bronchi and intestine, causing labored breathing and increased intestinal motility
2. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle and dilates arterioles and venules, resulting in wheal-and-flare reactions in the skin and itching
3. Stimulates eosinophils to release inflammatory cytokines, escalating symptoms
Type I:
"common" allergy and anaphylaxis
IgE mediated
mast cells, basophils, and allergic mediators
IgE Ab (antibody) bind to mast cells and basophils
anaphylaxis, allergies (hay fever and asthma)
• cause release of histamines, prostaglandins, & leukotrienes
• increase blood vessel permeability, mucus secretions, smooth muscle contraction and therefore enhance inflammation - too much
Type II Hypersensitivities:
Complement- assisted destruction (lysis) of cells by antibodies (IgG and IgM directed against those cells’ surface antigens
Transfusion reaction and autoimmunities autoimmunites
Alloantigens:
Different molecules (same species) recognized by the lymphocytes of the recipient
Not an immune dysfunction; the immune system function normally by reacting to foreign cells in an organ or tissue transplant
Type IV (Cell-Mediated) Reactions:
Delayed-type hypersensitivities due to TD cells
Cytokines attract macrophages and initiate tissue damage
Contact dermatitis

Type IV (Cell-Mediated) Reaction
• Ex. Poison ivy, latex
Disease: Rheumatoid arthirtis and anklosing spondylitis
Target: Systemic
Type of Sensitivity: II, III, and IV
Characteristics: Vasculitis; frequent target is joint lining; antibodies against other antibodies (rheumatoid factor), T-cell cytokine damage
Disease: Graves’ disease
Target: Thyroid
Type: II
Characteristics: Antibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
Type 1 diabetes
Pancreas
IV
T cells attack insulin-producing cells

Multiple sclerosis
Myelin
II and IV
T cells and antibodies sensitized to myelin sheath destroy neuron
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns:
markers that many different kinds of microbes have in common
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs):
Used by host cells with important roles in the innate immunity of the second line of defense
Recognize PAMPs
Nonself proteins that are not harmful are generally recognized as such, and the immune system is signaled not to react or to react differently.
NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NKC):
*Lack specificity for antigens
*Circulate through the spleen, blood, and LUNGS
*Probably the first killer cells to attack CANCER CELLS and virus-infected cells
*Destroy these cells in a similar fashion as T cells
*Not part of adaptive immunity, but sensitive to IL-12 and interferon
NATURAL KILLER T (NKT) cells:
Hybrid cells that are part killer cell and part T cell
Have T-cell receptors for antigen and the ability to release large amounts of cytokines very quickly, leading to cell death
Another bridge between innate and adaptive immunity
Hypersensitivity Type III - IMMUNE COMPLEX MEDIATED
Antibody-mediated inflammation
Circulate IgG complexes - basement membranes (organs)
Autoimmune diseases
Antigen with antibody resulting in complexes in tissues
Production of IgG and IgM antibodies
Activation of complement
Antigens are not attached to the cell surface antibody-complexes
Systemic: SLE, RA, ankylosing spondylitis (vasculitis; joint lining, antibodies attack antibodies (rheumatoid factor), T-cell cytokine damage
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX is one set of genes that codes for human cell markers or receptors.
GLYCOPROTEINS found on all cells except RED BLOOD CELLS
Class II code for immune regulatory markers
found on MACROPHAGES, dendritic cells, and B cells - present antigens to T CELLS during cooperative immune reactions.
A CONJUGATED VACCINES are subunits conjugated with proteins (often from other microbes) to make them more immunogenic.
WHOLE-CELL VACCINES are Killed vaccines (viruses are termed “inactivated” instead of “killed”) are prepared by cultivating the desired strain or strains of a bacterium or virus and treating them with chemicals, radiation, heat, or some other agent that does not destroy antigenicity.
This acquired immunity is a result from an infection = NATURAL ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ANTISERUM contains antibodies that give immediate protection, and is this type of acquired immunity - ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Name the five immunoglobulins and function:
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
This type of cancer arises from skin, glands and membranes and metastasizes via the lymph.
CARCINOMA causes:
*Prolonged smooth muscle contraction of the BRADYKININ
*Dilation of BRONCHIOLES
* PERIPHERAL ARTERIOLES capillary permeability
*Increased MUCUS SECRETION
A graft used that is non-human tissue = XENOGRAFT
ATOPIC DERMATITIS - itchy inflammatory (skin)
sensitization - ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact with allergens. TYPE 1 REACTION .
First line of defense:
• Any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry
• Limits access to the internal tissues of the body

Second line of defense:
• Internalized system of protective cells and fluids
• Includes inflammation and phagocytosis

Third line of defense:
• Acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by lymphocytes
• Acts rapidly at both the local and systemic levels once the first line of defense has been overcome
• There action with each different microbe produces unique protective substances
• Provides long-term immunity
Endotoxin
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), part of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls
Has a variety of systemic effects on tissues and organs Causes fever, inflammation, hemorrhage, and diarrhea
Blood infections by Salmonella, Shigella, Neisseria meningitidis, and Escherichia coli are particularly dangerous and can lead to fatal endotoxic shock
In a hypersensitivity number __ a (an)
__ __ __ produces free-floating complexes that are deposited into tissues.
Involves the production of __ & ___antibodies
Also involves the activation of _____
Unlike type ____hypersensitivities, antigens are not attached to the surface of a cel
III
Immune complex reaction
IgG and IgM
Complement
II
This acquired immunity is a result from an infection.
_____ contains antibodies that give immediate protection, and is this type of acquired immunity________
Naturally acquired active immunity
Antiserum
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Name the different types of T lymphocytes and function.
T helps (1, 2, 17 and follicular)
Tr, Tc, Td
CD4 coreceptors 
Accessory receptor proteins bind TCR to MHC class II molecules

Found on the surface of T helper cells (Th cells)

Involved in the activation of Th cells and the regulation of immune responses.
CD3 receptors = surround TCR, transmit signals generated by TCR to interior T cells
CD19 
A protein found on the surface of B-cells that is part of the B-cell receptor complex and helps B-cells recognize and respond to foreign antigens.
Type I Reactions 
A type of allergic reaction involving IgE antibodies, mast cells, and basophils that causes a rapid release of histamine and other chemicals, leading to symptoms such as itching, sneezing, coughing, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, hives, and swelling.