Human Body

• Blood movement in the lungs

  1. Red blood cells pick up oxygen

  2. Red blood cells drop off carbon dioxide
• Blood movement from lungs to heart

  Blood travels to the heart via the pulmonary vein
• Blood movement in the heart

  1. Enters the left atrium

  2. Passes down to the left ventricle

  3. Pushed with great force out of the heart via the aorta
• Aorta


  • Main arterial route
  • Branches to the head and arms
  • Loops around down to the rest of the body
  • Branches lead off to other organs
  • Gets smaller, forming arterioles
• Blood movement in capillaries


  1. Oxygen and other substances such as nutrients are dropped off

  2. Waste products such as carbon dioxide are picked up
• Blood movement from capillaries to heart

  1. Make their way back to the heart in the veins

  2. Veins collect together to form the vena cava

  3. Enter the heart in the right atrium

  4. Pumped to the right ventricle

  5. Pass back up to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
• Blood movement in the lungs (again)

  1. Oxygen is picked up

  2. Carbon dioxide is dropped off
• The heart is a double pump, both pumps have the same timing so that the atria contract at the same time, forcing the blood down to the ventricles, which then contract
• Functions of a skeleton

  • Movement
  • Support
  • Protection
• Humans have Synovial joints
• Joints


  • Responsible for movement and stability
  • Cartilage and Synovial fluid reduce friction between moving bones
  • Ligaments connect bones
• Cartilage is in between the bones to make bones aren't Scraping against each other
• Synovial fluid


  Keeps the bones running smoothly against each other
• Types of Skeleton joints


  • Ball and Socket
  • Pivot
  • Hinge
• Muscles


  Tissues that work together by contracting
• Muscles can only pull
• Tendons


  Connect muscles to bones
• Muscle contraction


  1. Tendons pull on the bones

  2. Bones move
• Antagonistic pairs


  Two muscles, such as the biceps and triceps, where one contracts and the other relaxes
• Secretion


  The production and release of a useful substance by gland or cell. Secretion is done internally.
• Useful substances released during secretion

  • Digestive enzymes
  • Gastric acid
  • Hormones
  • Mucus
• Organs where secretion occurs

  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Digestive glands
• Excretion

  The process of removing wastes and excess water from the body. Excretion is done internally to externally.
• Substances released during excretion

  • Salt
  • Sweat
  • Urine
  • Tears
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
  • Faeces
• Organs where excretion occurs

  • Skin
  • Kidneys
  • Lungs
  • Rectum
• Egestion

  The removal of undigested food material.
• Substances released during egestion

  • Vomit
  • Faeces
• Organs where egestion occurs

  • Rectum
  • Mouth
• What do Red Blood Cellsdo in the circulatory system

  • Carry gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
  • Oxygen releases haemoglobin which makes them the colour red
• What do White Blood Cells help out with in the body

  • Destroy bacteria
  • Part of the immune system
  • Fight bacteria/viruses to prevent you from getting sick or to help you get better
• Plasma


  • The fluid that all the blood cells float in
  • Some gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) are dissolved in Plasma
• Platelets


  • Secrete long strings of protein fibers to help clot wounds
  • The protein fibers look like a spider web and they catch all blood that's leaking out
• Types of Blood Vessels

  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
• How thick are Artery walls

  • Have thick walls to withstand the pressure from the heart
• How thick are Vein walls

  • Have thin and flexible walls
  • Don't have thick walls like arteries because the blood in the veins is on its way to the heart, so it isn't under high pressure
• Capillaries

  • The walls are very thin so that gases can diffuse from the blood to the tissues very quickly
• Peristalsis

  Muscle contractions that move food down the Esophagus
• Carbohydrate breakdown

  1. Broken down into glucose

  2. Converted into ATP/energy
• ATP

  Adenosine Triphosphate
• Ventilation System

  • Helps you to breathe
  • Movement of air (full of oxygen or full of carbon dioxide) going into and out of the lungs