Pr1

• Grounded Theory


  • Aims to produce a general theory surrounding a social issue
  • Unit of analysis: Views of sampling participants (20-60) about a specific phenomenon or incident
  • Data collection: Interviews, Focus Group Discussion, Observation
• Ethnography


  • Aims to understand and describe the culture of a community or group of people
  • Unit of analysis: Group of people on their natural setting (social or cultural groups)
  • Data collection: Non-Participant Observation, Immersion, Interview
• Narrative


  • Aims to interpret the narratives and experiences of a study group
  • Unit of analysis: Small samples of participants (one or more)
  • Data collection: Interviews, Analysis of written documents, Coding
• Case Study


  • Aims to develop an in-depth investigation about a person, group, community or institution
  • Unit of analysis: Small samples of participants (one or more)
  • Data collection: Observation, Interviews, Historical documentation
• Phenomenology


  • Aims to understand the nature or essence of the participants' lived experiences
  • Unit of analysis: Several people who shared the same experience
  • Data collection: In-depth interviews, Observation, Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
• Data Collection Techniques


  • Interview
  • Observation
  • Participant-observation
  • Focus Group Discussion
  • Surveys
  • Secondary Research
• Types of Interviews


  • Structured
  • Unstructured
  • Semi-Structured
• Structured Interview


  Much like questionnaires, same questions, same order for each subject, close-ended, yes or no, multiple choice
• Unstructured Interview


  Most flexible type, open-ended, questions can differ per subject and depend on previous answers, spontaneous
• Semi-Structured Interview


  Mix of structured and unstructured, often open-ended allowing flexibility but predetermined giving a sense of order, the interviewer has a general plan about their questions but does not follow a particular phrasing or order
• Focus Group Interviews


  Brings together a group of participants to answer questions on a topic of interest on a moderate setting, usually qualitative in nature, often study the group's dynamics and body language in addition to their answer, can provide more subtle and unfiltered feedback than individual interviews, easier to organize than experiments or large surveys
• Structured Interview Questions


  • Do you like dogs? Yes or No?
  • Do you think of them as: beautiful; cute; jolly; faithful
• Unstructured Interview Questions


  • What do you feel about dogs?
  • When you think more deeply about this, what experiences would you say your feelings are rooted in?
• Semi-Structured Interview Questions


  • Do you like dogs? Yes or No
  • If yes, what do you like about them
  • If no, what don't you like about them
• Focus Group Interview Questions


  • Think about your childhood and tell me about a dog that is very vivid in your memories. It doesn't have to be your own, just the first one that comes to mind.
• Observation


  A qualitative research data collection method in which researchers observe and record behaviors, actions, or events in their natural setting, commonly used for gathering data about human behaviors, interactions, or phenomena without direct intervention
• Types of Observation


  • Overt
  • Covert
  • Direct
  • Indirect
• Overt Observation


  Everyone knows that they are being observed, susceptible to Hawthorne effect which means that people usually perform better when they know that they are being observed
• Covert Observation


  No one knows that they are being observed and the observer is concealed, participants are more likely to behave naturally when they do not know they are being observed
• Participant-Observation


  A qualitative research method in which a researcher observes members of the group in a community being researched and participates with them in their activities, its main purpose is to gain an insider perspective on the topic being studied
• Types of Participant-Observation


  • Complete Participation
  • Moderate Participation
  • Active Participation
  • Passive Participation
• Complete Participation


  Researcher is already a member of the community or group they're studying about
• Moderate Participation


  Researchers maintain balance between insider and outsider perspectives
• Active Participation


  Researchers thrive to fully embrace group practices to deepen understanding
• Passive Participation


  Researcher is primarily a bystander
• Focus Group Discussion


  A qualitative research method which involves gathering a group of people who share the same characteristics or experiences to discuss a certain topic, the interviewer or moderator asks focused questions to keep the discussion going and to obtain the participants' views and experiences, usually involves 7-10 participants
• Natural Groups


  Consists of participants who are already a part of a pre-existing group before the study
• Advantages of Focus Group Discussion


  • Focus group discussions generate more ideas
  • More information is acquired
  • More quickly than doing separate interviews
  • Doesn't require much money
• Disadvantages of Focus Group Discussion


  • Doesn't have much confidentiality
  • Members may not speak truthfully
  • Requires a skilled moderator
• Survey


  A method where researchers use relevant questions to gather necessary information from the respondents, used by people to describe, explain, compare existing knowledge in the given topic
• Benefits of Survey


  • Cost-Effective
  • Extensive
  • Flexible
  • Dependable
• Two Main Types of Survey


  • Questionnaire
  • Interview
• Questionnaire


  A research instrument that consists of a set of questions or other types of prompts that aims to gather necessary information, typically a mix of closed-ended questions as well as open-ended questions
• Interview (Survey)


  Also known as Face-to-face survey, used to probe the respondent's answer as well as to observe their behaviour, a method where it is utilized to explore and gather deeper responses from a specific group of people
• Secondary Research


  A research method that involves using already existing data, allows us to gain insights and draw conclusions without having to collect new data ourselves, can save time and resources and also allow us to build upon existing knowledge and expertise
• Internal Data


  Also known as inside information, obtained from the researcher's organization, since your systems may already have pertinent information, looking within is an excellent place to start when looking for insights and expertise
• External Data


  Data that has not been published by the researcher's organization or is not held by it, can be used to bridge knowledge gaps, learn more about a new subject, and analyze trends and patterns by breaking down a population or market
• Advantages of Secondary Research


  • Faster research rates and takes less money and time
  • Offer pre research insights and information on effects that can assist in determining whether further research is necessary
  • Supplementary research initiatives may be motivated by secondary data, the knowledge acquired can help future investigations
• Disadvantages of Secondary Research


  • Data from secondary research is not exclusive
  • The secondary research has not been under the researcher's authority
  • Data from secondary research may be outdated
• Popularly Used Secondary Research Methods


  • Data Available on The Internet
  • Government and Non-Government Agencies
  • Public Libraries
  • Educational Institutions
  • Commercial Information Sources