NCM101j

• Physical Assessment


  The process of evaluating objective anatomic findings through the use observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation
• Purpose of Physical Assessment


  To evaluate the basic function of a person's organs, address any concerns, update vaccinations and helps get healthy and maintain good health
• Types of Physical Assessment


  • Focused Physical Assessment
  • Complete Physical Assessment
• Tools of Physical Assessment


  • Eyes
  • Ears
  • Hands
• Techniques and Components of Physical Assessment
• Techniques of Physical Assessment


  • Inspection
  • Palpation
  • Percussion
  • Auscultation
• Inspection


  The initial step where healthcare professionals visually examine the patient for any abnormalities or signs of illness

  
• Types of Inspection


  • Direct Inspection
  • Indirect Inspection
• Palpation


  A hands-on approach that helps healthcare providers assess things like muscle tone, organ size, and the presence of lumps or swelling
• Types of Palpation


  • Light Palpation
  • Deep Palpation
  • Ballottement
  • Bimanual Technique
• Types of Percussion


  • Direct Percussion
  • Indirect or Mediate Percussion
• Types of Auscultation


  • Direct Auscultation
  • Indirect Auscultation
• Approaches to Physical Assessment
• Approaches to Physical Assessment


  • Preparation
  • Introduction
  • History Taking
  • General Survey
  • Specific Examination
  • Documentation
  • Conclusion
• Positions for Physical Assessment
• Positions for Physical Assessment

  • 15-30 degrees
  • 30-45 degrees
  • 60-90 degrees
  • Chest-Knee Position
• Vital Signs
• Vital Signs


  Measurements of the body's most basic functions, indicators of health
• Types of Body Temperature


  • Surface Temperature
  • Core Temperature
• Normal Body Temperature


  36.5°C and 37.7°C (96.0°F and 99.9°F orally)
• Types of Fever


  • Intermittent fever
  • Remittent fever
  • Relapsing fever
  • Constant fever
• Factors Affecting Body Temperature


  • Age
  • Diurnal variations (circadian rhythm)
  • Exercise
  • Hormones
  • Stress
  • Environment
• Sites to Measure Temperature


  • Oral
  • Rectal
  • Auxiliary
  • Tympanic
• Pulse


  A wave of blood created by the contraction of left ventricle, reflects the heart beat
• Factors Affecting Pulse


  • Age
  • Sex
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Fever
  • Exercise
  • Stress
  • Position changes
• Respiration


  A mechanical act of breathing accomplished by expansion of the chest both vertically and horizontally
• Normal Respiration Rate


  12 - 20 breaths per minute
• Abnormal Respiration Rates


  • Tachypnea (more than 20 breaths)
  • Bradypnea (less than 12 breaths)
• Blood Pressure


  The pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries
• Normal Blood Pressure


  90/60 to 120/90 mmHg
• Abnormal Blood Pressure


  • Hypertension (Increase)
  • Hypotension (Decrease)
• Pain Assessment
• Pain


  An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, which we primarily associated with tissue damage or describe in terms of such damage, or both
• Classifications of Pain


  • Acute Pain
  • Chronic or Persistent Pain
  • Cutaneous Pain
  • Visceral Pain
  • Deep Somatic Pain
  • Nociceptive Pain
  • Neuropathic Pain
• Processes Involved in Nociception


  • Transduction
  • Transmission
  • Perception
  • Modulation
• Neuropathic Pain
• The Seven Dimensions of Pain

  • Physical
  • Sensory
  • Affective
  • Cognitive
  • Behavioral
  • Sociocultural
  • Spiritual
• Noxious stimuli response


  Occurs at every level from the periphery to the cortex and involves many different neurochemicals
• Neuropathic pain


  Caused by either a lesion or a disease involving the somatosensory nervous system. Injuries to peripheral nerves can either be traumatic or non-traumatic, such as diabetic, or compression neuropathies
• Changes in the ion channels, imbalance of the stimuli processing between excitatory and inhibitory somatosensory signals, activity of glial cells, or potential differences in modulation of pain that occur with neuropathic pain