Plant Tissues

• Plants evolved from freshwater algae which are also known as Charophyta.
• Plants have eukaryotic, multicellular, cellulosic cell walls.
• Plants are photoautotrophic (produce their own food) and immobile (can't move).
• Plant reproduction is either asexual or alternation of generation.
• Gametophyte Stage and Sporophyte Stage are two life stages of a plant.
• Ancestral Algae:

  - Non-Vascular Plants (Bryophytes)

  - Vascular Plants

  - Lower Vascular Plants (Seedless)

  - Higher Vascular Plants (Seed)

  - Gymnos (Non-Flowering)

  - Angios (Flowering)

  - Monocot

  - Dicot
• Non-Vascular Plants (Bryophytes): With neither vascular tissues nor seeds.
• Vascular Cryptogams: Seedless Vascular Plants; have vascular tissues but lack seeds.
• Spermatophytes (Phanerogams): Seed Plants; have vascular tissues and seeds.
• Classes of Bryophyta (Moss)

  1. Takakiopsida
  2. Sphagnopsida
  3. Andreaeopsida
  4. Andreaobryopsida
  5. Bryopsida
• • Spagnopsida - peat moss
  • Andreaeopsida - granite moss
  • Bryopsida - true moss
• The sporophyte in moss is derived from the embryo.
• The capsule in moss is covered by the calyptra.
• Green stage is considered to be the gametophyte stage of moss.
• Male gametophytes - antheridium

  Female gametophytes - archegonium
• Antheridial Head: Male gametophytes at the top of the gametophyte in a structure.

  Archegonial Head: Female gametophytes at the top of the gametophyte in a structure.
• Bryophytes need water for reproduction. It is where the sperm cell swims to the archegonium.
• Seta: a long stem-like organ that connects the sporangium to the gametophyte.
• Google:

  • The base of the seta is called the foot.

  Sir Niche:

  • Foot connects the seta to the capsule.
• Peristiome: structure at the mouth of moss capsules, which enhances the process of spore release by means of hygroscopic movements.
• Elaters: function in dispersing the spores to a new location.
• Each sporophyte plant is composed of a capsule, which is the center of spore formation; a stalk; and a foot that attaches the sporophyte body to the tip of the gametophyte.
• The operculum gets removed when warm air touches the capsule.
• Protonema: thread-like chains of cells that forms the earliest stage of development of gametophyte in mosses.
• Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta): liverworts
• Classes of Marchantiophyta:

  1. Marchantiopsida (thalloid)
  2. Jungermanniopsida (leafy)
• Capsule: contains and releases the spores that mosses use for reproduction
• Rhizoids: A thin, rootlike structure that anchors a moss and absorbs water and nutrients for the plant.
• Calyptra: prevents desiccation of immature sporophytes.
• Operculum: lid-like structure wherein it pops off when the spores are matured.
• Peristome: allows for gradual spore discharge, instead of releasing them all at once.
• Gemma cups: up-like structures containing gemmae.

  Gemmae: small discs of haploid tissue and they directly give rise to new gametophytes.
• 1. Antheridium
  2. Rhizoid
  3. Gemma Cups
  4. Disc
  5. Archegonium
  6. Thallus

  
• Anthocerophyta (hornwort)
• Psilophyta (whisk fern): the green visible stuff is the sporophyte while the gametophyte is underground.
• Divisions of Vascular Cryptogams:

  1. Psilophyta
  2. Lycophyta/ Lycopodophyta
  3. Sphenophyta/ Arthrophyta
• Psilotum nodum exhibits dichotomous branching.
• Heterosporous produces two different types of spores.
• Homosporous produces only one type of spore.
• Isoetes is a submerged hydrophyte.