RWS

• Text Organization - is the way a text is organized that helps to guide the reader logically through it. This property makes a text readable and its message clear. Organization can be achieved through the following techniques
• Text Organization Techniques

  1. Physical format signal words (headings, subheadings, bullet points, font emphasis)

  2. Signal words (textual cues that readers can use to follow the text)

  3. Structure (beginning, middle, end)
• Coherence


  The quality of being logical, consistent and able to be understood
• Cohesion


  The act of forming a whole unit, a subset of coherence
• You can have cohesion without coherence but you cannot have coherence without cohesion
• Concrete language


  Descriptions which create tangible images with details the reader can visualize
• Abstract language


  Vague and obscure, does not bring to mind specific visual images
• Concise language expresses the desired message in as few words as possible
• Familiar language is that which the readers easily recognize and understand because they use it on a regular basis
• Precise and clear language


  Language which is as precise and clear as possible, reducing the number of possible interpretations
• Constructive language


  Phrases a potentially negative message in a positive way, as opposed to destructive language which directs blame and criticism
• Formal vs Informal Language


  • Formal English (used in serious texts and situations)
  • Informal English (used in everyday conversations and personal letters)
• Capitalization Rules


  • Capitalize the first word of every sentence and new every line
  • Capitalize the first word of quoted sentences
  • Capitalize the names of people
  • Capitalize the name of streets, cities, provinces, states and countries
  • Capitalize the place of specific locations
  • Capitalize words derived from proper nouns
  • Capitalize the names of books, movies, arts, articles, etc.
  • Capitalize pronoun "I"
  • Capitalize interjection, an exclamation
  • Capitalize opening and closing of a letter
• Punctuation Rules


  • Period (.)
  • Comma (,)
  • Question Mark (?)
  • Exclamation (!)
  • Quotation Mark (" ")
  • Parenthesis (())
  • Colon (:)
  • Semi-colon (;)
  • Apostrophe (')
  • Hyphen (-)
  • Dash (--)
• Verse and hour examples


  • John 3:16, 7:35:10
• Semi-colon (;)


  • Used to introduce a series
  • Used to join clauses
• Semi-colon example


  • The following SSG officers will help to distribute the COVID testing kit: Sean Quinto, the president; Cathleen Anunay, the secretary; Alfredo Magos Jr., the treasurer; and James Parilla, the assistant secretary.
  • Taking a vitamin c is necessary; we can have an alternative protection for the virus.
• Apostrophe (')


  • Used to make word contractions
  • Used to make possessives
• Apostrophe examples


  • You're, It's
  • Ace's COVID-19 protection kit, Ross' or Ross's COVID-19 protection kit, Children's protection kit, Parents' rules and regulations
• Hyphen (-)


  • Used to separate compound numbers in words and compound words
  • Used to separate some adjectives
• Hyphen examples


  • Twenty-one, Editor-In-Chief, 16-year old SHS student
• Dash (--)


  Used to set off dramatic situation or to set off an explanation
• Dash example


  • People are now panicking and consuming all the goods that they can-- too selfless.
• Italicization


  • Used for titles of longer, independent works
  • Used for names of transportation devices or vehicles
  • Used to draw attention to a particular word or phrase
  • Used to add emphasis
  • Used for foreign words
• Italics should not be used for brand names
• Abbreviation


  • Shortened forms of words commonly employed in scientific and technical writing
  • Abbreviations can be capitalized or not
  • Abbreviations are used to save space in bibliographies
  • Abbreviations are used for standard units of measurement
• Avoid inventing abbreviations, but if needed cut the word off after the consonant following the first, second or last syllable
• Acronym


  • Formed from the first letters (letters or syllables) of a word or phrase
  • Acronyms are usually treated as new words
  • Acronyms are capitalized and do not use periods
  • When using an acronym for the first time, spell out the phrase and follow with the acronym in parentheses
  • Plural of acronyms is formed by adding a lowercase s without an apostrophe
• Numbers


  • Generally use Arabic numerals instead of words
  • Spell out numbers between one and ten and two-word fractions that do not follow an integer
  • If a number begins a sentence, spell it out
  • Use numerals for dates, time of day, pages, figures, and notes
  • Use Arabic numerals followed by % to express percentages
• Chapter-section Enumeration


  Numerical system is clearer than alphanumeric system
• Pagination


  Use italic lowercase roman numerals for front matter, Arabic numerals for body of document, some long reports use a two-part numbering system with chapter prefix
• Tables and Figures


  Number sequentially as Table 1, Table 2, etc. or prefix with chapter number in long documents
• Equations


  Number sequentially as Eq. 1, Eq. 2, etc. but do not need to number every equation
• Correct spelling is extremely important in technical and scientific writing to establish credibility
• Use spell checker but do not rely on it alone, be consistent in spelling, use same dictionary, use American English spellings
• Differences between American English and British English spelling


  • Center/Centre, Fiber/Fibre, Color/Colour, Labor/Labour, Odor/Odour, Defense/Defence, Offense/Offence, Encyclopedia/Encyclopaedia, Medieval/Mediaeval
• Modes of Paragraph


  • Narration
  • Description
  • Definition
  • Classification and Exemplification
  • Comparison and Contrast
  • Cause and Effect
  • Problem Solution
  • Persuasion
• Narration


  The most basic pattern of paragraph development, used to tell a story and describe an event
• Components of Narrative Text


  • Logical Actions
  • Way of narration (Clipped, Paced)
  • Terminology (Concrete, Abstract, General, Specific)
• Clipped Narration


  Shorter narration, e.g. "He came and talked to us. Then he left the house and then he drove the car back home."