English 4th Quarterly Exam

• Outline


  A written plan that serves as a skeleton for the paragraphs you write
• Outline


  A summary that gives the essential information that will be included in a paper, book, etc.
• Importance of outlining


  • It gives an overview of the topic and it enables us to see how various subtopics relate to one another
  • Recording the information in our own words tests our understanding of what we read
  • It is an effective way to record needed information from reference books you do not own
• Types of outline


  • Reading Outline
  • Writing Outline
• Decimal Outline


  A system of decimal notation that clearly shows how every level of outline relates to the larger whole
• Alphanumeric Outline


  Uses letters and numbers to organize ideas
• How to outline


  1. Uses Roman numerals for MAJOR SECTIONS of the paper

  2. Capital letters for MAIN IDEAS (per paragraph)

  3. Parts of an essay: INTRODUCTION, BODY AND CONCLUSION

  4. Use Arabic numbers for SUPPORTING DETAILS

  5. Smaller letters for ADDITIONAL INFOS
• Topic and Sentence Outline

  • Topic Outline
  • Sentence Outline
• Topic Outline


  Uses letters and numbers to organize ideas
• Sentence Outline


  Uses full sentences
• Bias


  The action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your judgement
• Common types of biases


  • Media Bias
  • Anchoring Bias
  • Halo Effect
  • Confirmation Bias
  • Conformity Bias
• Anchoring Bias


  This happens when people rely too much on pre-existing information or the first information they find when making decisions
• Media Bias


  This happens when journalist and news producers select the events and stories that are reported, and how they are covered
• Confirmation Bias


  The tendency of people to favor information that confirm their existing beliefs
• Conformity Bias


  Happens when one makes a wrong or uncomfortable decision to fit in to please the group of people
• Halo Effect


  A type of cognitive bias whereby our perception of someone is positively influenced by our opinions of that person's other related traits
• Prejudice


  Refers to pre-judging before looking at the evidence, an unfavorable opinion or feeling beforehand without knowledge, thought, or reason
• Common types of prejudice


  • Racism
  • Sexism
  • Ageism
  • Classism
  • Religion
• Racism


  The idea that groups of people exhibit different personality, characteristics, and can be separated based on the dominance of one race over another
• Sexism


  A form of prejudice based on sex or gender
• Classism


  Prejudice based on social class or grouping of individuals based on wealth, occupation, income, education, and social network
• Ageism


  A prejudicial attitude towards older people, old age, and the aging process
• Religion


  The attitude towards a person or group differently because of the particular beliefs about religion
• Modal verbs


  Give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it, have a great variety of communicative functions
• Prohibition


  • Can't (Can not)
  • Mustn't (Must not)
• Can't


  Usually gives the idea of something that is against the rule
• Mustn't


  Usually means that it is the speaker who is setting the rule
• Obligation


  • Have to
  • Must
• Have to


  The obligation comes from someone else, not the speaker, usually referring to a rule or law
• Don't have to


  We use don't have to show that there is no obligation
• Must


  Expresses that the obligation comes from the speaker
• Permission


  • Can
  • Could
• Can


  Most often used to ask or give permission
• Could


  It is possible to use could, but it is not often used as can
• Agent


  Person or thing that performs the action
• Active voice


  Subject performs action
• Passive voice


  Subject receives action
• Verb


  Past participle
• Uses of passive voice


  • Performer of action is unknown or unimportant
  • Performer of action is obvious
  • Result of action is more important
  • To be more polite