Methods

• Quoting


  Used when a writer wants to retain the source's original idea and wording
• Quoting


  • Verbatim (word to word copy and paste)
  • Involve the usage of "..........." (quotation marks)
  • "single quotation marks are used to 'quote' within a quote"
  • There are several techniques in quoting (together with APA style in-text citation)
  • Literally means citing (the reference) within the text
  • When to use? - Whenever we transfer/import ideas from other source into our own writing
• Quoting: Example 1


  • As noted by Wood (1997, p. 20), "The owners of international scientific English should be international scientists not Englishmen or Americans"
• Quoting: Example 2


  • Wood (1997, p. 20) concludes that "The owners of international scientific English should be international scientists not Englishmen or Americans"
• Quoting: Example 3


  • As Wood states in his 1997 paper, "The owners of international scientific English should be international scientists not Englishmen or Americans" (p.20).
• Quoting: Example 4


  • In his conclusions, Wood (1997) writes "The owners of international scientific English should be international scientists not Englishmen or Americans" (p.20).
• Guidelines for Quoting


  • Quotation more that 40 words should be blocked
  • If the quote is a complete sentence, capitalize the first word
  • If the quote is not a complete sentence use lower case
  • Continue the quotation with a lower case, if the quotation is interrupted
• Paraphrasing


  Involves putting the idea of another author into the writer's own words
• Paraphrasing: Technique


  • Read the original source carefully and identify the main point(s) and key words
  • Cover the original text and rewrite it in your own words. Check that you have included the main points and essential information
  • Write the paraphrase in your own style
  • Ensure that you keep the original meaning and maintain the same relationship between main ideas and supporting points
  • Use synonyms (words or expression which have a similar meaning) where appropriate
  • Break up a long sentence into two shorter ones or combine two short sentences into one. Change the voice (active/passive) or change word forms (e.g. nouns, adjectives)
  • Change the order in which information/ideas are presented, as long as they still make sense in a different order
  • Review your paraphrase to check it accurately reflects the original text but is in your words and style
  • Record the original source, including the page number, so that you can provide a reference
• Paraphrasing: Example


  • International scientific English belongs to everyone in Science (Wood, 1997).
• Summarising


  Compressing the idea of another author from lengthy into a concise or shortened version
• Summarising: Purposes


  • Outline the main points of someone else's work in your own words, without the details or examples
  • To include an author's ideas using fewer words than the original text
  • To briefly give examples of several differing points of view on a topic
  • To support claims in, or provide evidence for, your writing
• Summarising: Technique


  • Preview and read the paragraph closely. You probably will find that you need to read the paragraph more than one time
  • Make a list or outline. Determine the main idea and the supporting details of the paragraph. Make a list or outline of these ideas. Be sure to use your own words
  • Write a summary. Using your list, write a summary of the paragraph. State the main ideas, followed by important ideas. Limit your summary to just one or two sentences
  • Read aloud and correct. Read the summary aloud, correcting any mistakes
• References & Useful Links