STATS N PROB

• is a branch of applied mathematics which deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.

  Statistics
• deals with the collection and presentation of data and collection of summarizing values to describe its group characteristics.

  Descriptive Statistics
• deals with predictions and inferences based on analysis and interpretation of

  the results of the information gathered by a statistician. This also used sample data to draw conclusions about the population.

  Inferential Statistics
• characteristics of objects or individuals.

  Variable
• are classified according to some attributes or categories.

  Categorical or Qualitative Variables
• are classified according to numerical statistics.


  Numerical or Quantitative Variables
• is a variable whose values are obtained by measuring. This produce numerical

  responses that arise from a measuring.

  Continuous Variable
• is a variable whose values are obtained by counting. This produce numerical

  responses that arise from counting process.

  Discrete Variable
• variable that is changed or controlled

  independent variable
• variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.

  dependent variable
• consists of all member of the group being studied.

  Population
• is a portion of the population selected for

  analysis.

  Sample
• is a numerical measure that describes

  characteristics of a population.

  Parameter
• is a numerical measure that describes

  characteristics of a sample.

  Statistic
• Is the process of determining the value or label of the variable based on what has been observed.

  Measurement
• • Data that consists of names, labels or categories only.
  • The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme.
  • Numbers or symbols are used to classify an object or person to identify the group they belong.

  Nominal Scale
• • Data contain the properties of nominal scale.
  • The data can be arranged in an ordering scheme or ranked.
  • The difference between the values of the data cannot be determined. The interval is meaningless.

  Ordinal Scale
• • Data contain the properties of ordinal scale.
  • Data values can be ranked.
  • The difference between the values of the data are known sizes
  • The interval between the values has meaning
  • The “zero” does not imply the absence of characteristics
  • The ratio of data values are meaningless.


  Interval Scale
• • The data contain the properties of interval scale.
  • The “zero” indicates the absence of characteristics under consideration.
  • The ratio of data values has meaning

  Ratio Scale
• to draw valid conclusions from your results, you must carefully decide how you will select a sample that is representative of the group

  sampling method
• set of all possible values of a variable

  population
• consist of one or more data drawn from the population

  sample
• involves random selection, allowing you to make strong statistical inferences about the whole group

  probability sampling
• every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

  simple random sampling
• is like simple random sampling, but it is usually slightly easier to conduct. every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals or patterns.

  systematic sampling
• involves dividing the population into subpopulation (strata) that may differ in important ways

  stratified sampling
• population is divided into clusters or groups and then that clusters are randomly selected


  cluster sampling
• involves a non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria


  non-probability sampling
• simply includes the individuals who happen to be the most accessible to the researcher

  convenience sampling
• also known as judgement sampling, involves the researcher using their expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the purpose of the research


  purposive sampling
• sample units are picked for convenience, but certain quotas are given to interviewers.

  quota sampling
• The number of people you have access to "snowballs" as you contact more people.

  snowball sampling
• a voluntary response sample is mainly based on ease of access

  voluntary sampling
• The measurement or quantity that describes the whole population.

  PARAMETER
• The measurement or quantity that describes the sample.


  STATISTIC