Infection and response

• What do pathogens do once inside the body

  They reproduce rapidly then release toxins which damage microorganisms tissue
• How can you reduce the spread of pathogens?

  > Hygiene ( washing hands)

  > Clean drinking water

  > Vaccination

  > Isolation of infected
• How do viruses reproduce?


  Since they cannot reproduce by themselves they must reproduce inside a host cell, they will damage the host cell by reproducing inside and can cause the cell to burst.
• How is HIV spread?

  Unprotected sex or unclean needles.
• What are some of the symptoms of measles?


  Developing a red skin rash and showing signs of a fever and can cause breathing complications and are highly infectious
• How is salmonella spread and what are some symptoms?

  It is spread by ingesting infected food and will chemicals called toxins.

  Vomiting
• What are some symptoms of an STD?

  Yellow/green discharge
• What is a vector?


  Any living organism that can carry a disease-producing virus
• How can you stop the spread the spread of malaria?

  Drain the areas in which they breed, still water

  Prevent mosquitos from biting humans through mosquito nets, for further protection you can spray the net with insecticide.
• How is Malaria treated?


  Used to be treated by penicillin but now antibiotic strains are common so the person may have to be isolated and vaccinatied
• What is the life cycle of malaria?


  Person with malaria is bitten by a mosquito

  Mosquito now bites a different person and passes it onto them
• What is tobacco Mosaic Virus?


  Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes. It gives a distinctive 'mosaic' pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis.
• What is Rose Black Spot?


  A fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early, decreasing the rate of photosynthesis
• What is a non specific defence system?

  - parts of the body that prevent pathogens entering
• What are examples of non specific defence systems?


  Skin- Protective layer which produced sebum which kills bacteria and fungi

  Nostrils- Contains mucus

  Lungs- Trachea and Bronchi are covered in cilla which waft their hairs moving cilla and mucus up towards the throat where they are swallowed into your stomach

  Stomach- Contains hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens
• How do white blood cells he

  Phagocytosis; pathogen is surrounded and engulfed

  antibody production; a special protein which attaches to antigens

  antitoxin production; chemicals that neutralise the poisonous effects of toxins
• What is the immune systems role?


  Destroys pathogens and toxins
• How do vaccinations work?

  A weakened/ dead strain of microorganisms is injected this causes the white blood cells to produce specific antibodies which can remain in the bloodstream
• What is MRSA?


  strain of bacteria resistant to antibiotics
• Where does digitalis originate from


  Foxgloves
• Where does aspirin originate from?

  willow
• Who was penicillin discovered by?

  Alexander Fleming
• What are monoclonal antibodies


  single cell that has divided to make many cloned copies of itself
• How are monoclonal antibodies produced?


  Combining mouse cells and a tumour cell to make a cell called hybridoma
• What is monoclonal antibodies special feature?


  Can only bind to one type of antigen so they can be used to target a specific chemical/cell
• How can monoclonal antibodies be used?

  > In Pregnancy tests to identify if the pregnancy hormone (HGC) is present in urine

  
  

  > To stick to blood clots or cancer cells so they can be detected and treated.
• How can you identify diseases in plants?

  Use a testing kit

  consulting a garden website
• What are some signs that a plant may be diseased?


  Stunted growth

  spots on leaves

  discolouration
• What are aphids?


  Aphids are small insects often known as greenfly or blackfly. They feed from phloem taking sugars from the plants
• What would a lack of nitrate cause in plants?

  Stunted growth, because the nitrate is needed for protein synthesis
• What is chlorosis caused by?

  Lack of magnesium
• What are some plant defences against pathogens?


  Cellulose cell walls

  A tough waxy cuticle

  Antibacterial chemicals

  Thorns