T2 Science

• Energy


  Ability to do work. Conservation of energy is that energy cannot be destroyed only transferred or transformed. Transfer of energy is the passing of energy without changing form and the transformation of energy is energy which changes form.
• Particle model


  • All particles that make up matter are constantly in motion
• Heat


  A form of energy that moves due to differences in temperature. Heat moves from areas of high temperature to low temperature. When two bodies of heat come into contact they will exchange heat energy easily until the temperature of both is made the same.
• Conductors


  • Transfer heat energy easily
• Insulators


  • Materials that don't transfer heat easily become a barrier to the flow of heat energy
• Density


  The compactness of a substance or media
• Conduction


  Type of heat transfer where energy moves through the process of touch, the objects need to be solid as well
• Convection


  Type of heat transfer which happens in liquids and gases. Convection currents happen where the hot particles become less dense and float to the top and the cold particles sink to the bottom where the heat source is. The cold particles then get heated up from the heat source and start warming up making them less dense and moving towards the surface. Since the hot particles are now from the heat source they have cooled down and become more dense sinking towards the bottom. This process which repeats is called a convection current.
• Radiation


  The transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves, this type of heat transfer does not require particles or a medium to travel through such as air. (It can go through space).
• Media/Medium


  A substance that carries a wave. Media which are more dense have a lot of particles in a smaller space whereas media which are less dense has not many particles in a larger amount of space.
• Density affects energy


  More dense media have more particles, the particles collide into each other easier making the transfer of energy faster. This is why more dense media transfer energy faster.
• Reflection


  The return of light or sound waves from a surface. The incoming light ray onto a surface is called the incident ray, as it collides with the surface it gets reflected back. The ray which is reflected back is called the reflected ray. Because this is a surface where the light bounces off the surface, the incident ray and reflected ray are equal giving us an equation of i=r. The point where both rays meet is called the normal which is always perpendicular to the surface. Smooth and shiny surfaces have a clear reflection where the incident ray always reflects at a symmetrical angle from the reflected ray; whereas, diffuse reflection involves light or sound reflected off a dull or rough surface which leads to the light being scattered once it has become in contact with the surface. In diffuse reflection, the incident ray is not equal to the reflected ray.
• Wave


  A vibration or oscillation that transfers energy. To oscillate something is to move it backwards and forwards at a regular pace.
• Types of waves


  • Longitudinal waves
  • Transverse waves
• Transverse waves


  • Oscillate perpendicular to the motion of the wave
• Longitudinal waves


  • Oscillate parallel to the movement of the wave
• Amplitude


  The distance from the middle point of a transverse wave till the trough or peak
• Peak


  The highest point in a transverse wave
• Trough


  The lowest point in a transverse wave
• Frequency


  The number of waves produced each second
• Wavelength


  The distance between two immediately following waves
• Calculating wave speed/velocity


  Frequency multiplied by wavelength
• Refraction


  The bending of light due to a change in media. As a light wave travels through a different media it changes speed therefore making it change direction. More dense particles tend to transfer energy faster. However this is not true with light waves only with conduction, because waves don't necessarily involve particles to transfer energy, therefore when the light travels through a more dense media all the particles around it actually slow it down making it change direction and bend. Light in a less dense media speeds up because there are less particles in its direction. The incident ray comes from the original media and travels through the next media. This still creates a normal because a normal is the perpendicular point where the incident ray meets the surface. In a more dense medium, the light will slow down and bend towards the normal but in a less dense medium the light will speed up and bend away from the normal. This is because faster light bends away from the normal as there aren't particles in its way stopping it making the change in direction more prominent bending away. When the light slows down it bends towards the normal this is because as the incident ray enters the media the first part of the wave pivots towards the normal and the rest of the photons follow in unison making it bend towards the normal.
• Refractive index


  Calculates how much a media will refract light
• Concave shapes


  • Bend rays of light together to create a focal point, the concave shape converges the light to meet at a point
• Convex shapes


  • Bend the light away from each other, it diverges the light away. There still is a focal point in a convex shape though but it is behind the shape and it is invisible. When the light diverges it doesn't do it randomly, it does it based on the orientation of the incident light rays which can create an invisible focal point where the light diverges from.
• Electrical energy


  The flow of negatively charged electrons
• Static electricity


  Electrically charged electrons which are built up to a point
• Circuit electricity


  Electricity where the flow of electrons is constant
• Conventional current flows from the positive to the negative but later scientists discovered that it actually flows from the negative to the positive. However, in circuit boards today it is still shown as a conventional current flowing from positive to negative where the electron flow goes from negative to positive.
• Parts of an electrical board


  • Wires
  • Connected wires
  • Unconnected wires
  • Cell/battery
  • Light bulb
  • Fixed resistor
  • Variable resistor
• Ohm's law


  In a circuit, voltage, current, and resistance are all related in some way
• Chemical change 


  Gas
• Chemical Change


  Gas

  Precipitate

  Heat

  Colour

  Sound

  Light

  Cant be undone with ease
• Physical Change


  No New substance is formed

  Change in Size or Shape

  Change in Matter

  Can be undone
• SAS


  When sides have the same ratio: 1/2, 1/3...

  Angle is also equal
• AAA


  All angles are equal between triangles
• SSS


  All sides of both triangles have the same ratio
• RHS


  Right angles are equal

  Hypotenuses have the same ratio

  Another angle has the same ratio
• Alpha Decay


  Form of radioactive decay where an alpha particle emits- 2 neutrons+2 protons