INTRODUCTION

• construction industry

  is one of the largest commercial activities in the Philippines.
• 16%

  percent of the gross domestic product
• 4 discreet project phases

  • pre-design phase
  • design phase
  • pre-construction phase
  • construction phase
• pre-design phase

  sets the initial objectives and criteria under which a building will be planned.
• design phase

  determines the actual geometry, materials, and performance characteristics of the finished structure
• pre-construction phase

  selects the various project participants and outlines their contractual agreements
• construction phase

  involeved with the physical realization of the finished building
• project scheduling

  is used to match the resources of the equipment, materials, and labor with the project construction phases over time.
• critical path method (cpm) or critical path scheduling

  is the most widely used scheduling technique for scheduling.
• permitting

  prior to any work commencing on site, the constructor must secure a variety of regulatory permits.
• building permit

  is a certificate issued by the local governing authority having jurisdiction (ahj) authorizing the construction of a project after a thorough review of the construction documents to ensure compliance with the local building, safety, and fire codes.
• pre-construction planning and temporary facilities

  once a building permit has been secured and the contract between the owner and contractor is signed, the actual onsite construction can begin.
• field offices

  often housed in mobile trailers that are fully furnished and provided with modern communication equipment
• shop drawings

  gives precise directives for the fabrication of certain components, such as structural steel work, concrete reinforcing, or precast concrete components
• construction observation

  in addition to ongoing inspections by local building department officials, continuing inspections are conducted by representatives of the owner to ensure that the completed work complies with the guidelines set forth in the construction documents
• contractor requests for information (RFI)

  during the construction process, it is not uncommon for the contractor to encounter portions of the work for which the contract documents do not provide clear and comprehensive directives
• request for information

  used by te contractor to obtain clarification on specific components and assemblies that are not fully detailed or understood through a comprehensive review of the drawings and specifications
• modifications to the construction contract

  almost every construction project encounters conditions that require a change to be made for a number of reasons, including newly discovered conditions, design omissions or errors, or changes in the scope of the work
• project close out

  prior to all construction being concluded, a number if administrative benchmarks must be met to complete the contractual obligations between the owner and the contractor.
• construction safety

  throughout any construction project, a thorough accident prevention and safety training program must be implemented and maintained.
• Occupational health and safety act

  osha
• osha standards-29cfr-1926

  safety and health regulations for constructions, give extensive guidelines for construction means, methods, and material handling
• density

  it is the mass of a unit volume of homogenous material
• bulk density

  it is the mass of a unit volume of a material in its natural state (with pores and voids)
• density index

  it indicates the degree to which the volume of a material is filled with the solid matter.
• specific weight

  it is also known as the unit weight. it is the weight per unit volume of material
• specific gravity

  is the ratio of weight/mass of a given volume of solids to the weight/mass of an equal volume of water at 4 degrees
• porosity

  is the degree to which the volume of the material is interspersed with pores. it is exoressed as a ration of the volume of pores to that of the specimen
• void ratio

  it is defined as the ratio of volume of voids(Vv) to the volume of solids (Vs)
• hygroscopicity

  is the property of a material to absorb water vapor from air. it is influenced by air-temperature and relative humidity; pores-their types, numer and size, and by the nature of substance involved.
• water absorption

  the ability of the material to absorb and retain water. it is expressed as percentage in weight or of the volume of dry material
• weathering resistance

  is the ability of a material to endure alternate wet and dry conditions for a long period without considerable deformation and loss of mechanical strength
• water permeability

  is the capacity of a material to allow water to penetrate under pressure. Materials like glass, steel and bitumen are impervious
• heat conductivity

  is the ability of a material to conduct heat. it is influenced by nature of material, its structure, porosity, character of pores and mean temperature at which heat exchange takes place
• thermal capacity

  is the property of a material to absorb heat described by its specific heat
• fire resistance

  the ability of a material to resist the action of high temperature without any appreciable deformation and substancial loss of strenght
• refractoriness

  denotes the ability of a material to withstand prolonged action of high temperature without melting or losing shape. materials resisting prolonged temperatures of 1580 degree celsius or more are known as refractory.
• 1350-1580 degree celsius

  high melting materials can withstand temperature
• below 135 degree celsius

  low melting materials withstand temperature
• chemical resistance

  is the ability of a material to withstand the actions of acids, alkalis, sea water and gases. natural stone materials, e.g. limestone, marble and dolomite are eroded even by weak acids, wood has low resistance to acids and alkalies, bitumen disintegrates under the action of alkali liqours.