Personality Development (4th Quarter Exam Reviewer)

• Psychology


  The study of mind (unconscious/conscious) & behavior
• Psychological


  The mental & emotional state of a person
• Humans


  • The most immature at birth and have the longest period of development before they become capable of all activities/skills of an adult
  • Adult behavior/personality characteristics get influenced by events during early years of life until maturity
• Human Development


  • One traditional focus of psychology
  • Progressive & continuous change in the individual from conception > death
  • Maturation = appearance of species-specific behavior (ex. talking & walking)
  • Learning = changes in behavior as function of experiences
• Theories of Human Development (Miller 1993)


  • It describes changes in one/several behaviors/psychological activity over time
  • A development theory describes the relations among several areas of behavior
  • A development theory explains the course of development changes in one several behavior or psychological activities/relationship among several areas/behaviors
• Moral Development


  • Morality
  • 2 theories: Jean Piaget & Lawrence Kohlberg
• Motor Development


  • Using of hands & fingers, standing, walking, etc.
  • Less on environment, more of a maturational process
• Sigmund Freud


  • Freudian Theory
  • Structure of Personality
• ID / IT


  • Has sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories
  • The primitive/instinctive component and is more fantasy oriented
  • The impulsive/unconscious part of our psyche
• Structure of Personality (ID)


  • The ID engages in primary process thinking, which is illogical and irrational
  • It has no comprehension of objective reality, and is selfish and wishful in nature
• Ego


  • Is realistic/the reality
  • Has the concept of right or wrong
  • Meditates between ID and Superego
• Ego


  • David wants to skip his piano practice because he's tired, but he knows it's important for his progress
• Structure of Personality (Ego)

  The Ego seeks pleasure and avoids pain
• Superego


  • Incorporates the values/morals of society
  • Is morality
  • Can control ID's impulses
• Structure of Personality (Superego)


  • Conscience: The Superego has the ability to punish our ego through guilt
  • Ideal Self: An imaginary picture of how you ought to be, represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to behave as a member of society
• Jean Piaget


  • Swiss psychologist,1896-1980
  • Theory of Cognitive Development
  • According to him, children do not believe that rules are fixed and changeable
• Intellectual Development


  • Sensorimotor Stage: The child begins to interact with the environment, 0-2 years old
  • Preoperational Stage: The child learns to use language/represent objects by using words/represent the world symbolically, thinking is concentrated on the self and the child is not capable of taking the viewpoint of others, 2-7 years old
  • Concrete Operational Stage: The child learns rules such as conservation, can think logically about objects and events, and is able to classify objects according to several features and can order them in some way (ex. Size, color, etc.), 7-12 years old
  • Formal Operational Stage: The child now thinks logically and becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems. The adolescent can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future, 12-Adulthood
• Motivation


  Something that moves a person to act a certain way
• Emotions


  Are strong feelings of some kind accompanied by highly complex changes in the body itself
• Defense Mechanism


  • Denial: It involves blocking external events from awareness
  • Rationalization: It is the cognitive distortion of "the facts" to make an event/impulse less threatening
  • Projection: This involves individuals attributing their own thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person
  • Repression: The first defense mechanism that Freud discover, and arguably the most important. It is an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing/threatening thoughts from becoming conscious
• Philosophies of Life / Values and Image Improvement


  • Realist: Looks to what is he seeks for the answers to his questions. It is important to adapt to the laws of the universe
  • Idealist: Finds the answer to reality within man's mind or soul. They believe in the importance of experience in this Philosophy
  • Pragmatist: An advocate of the approach that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application. They very much believe in God and observes nature in this Philosophy
• Adjusting Your Positive Attitude Through Image Improvement

  • Wardrobe Improvement: Pay more attention (and money, if necessary) to what you wear, and how you coordinate various fashion items, colors, etc. Make the best fashion statement possible
  • Hairstyle, cosmetics: Spend more time with your hairstyle, facial appearance, etc.
  • Looking healthy: Devote time to an exercise program. Anything that will create a healthier appearance. Include posture, dental care, weight control, and diet
  • Being yourself: Refuse to be over-influenced by others and the media. Stay with your own idea of what your image should be different in the way you want to be different
  • Image-attitude connection: Accept the premise that your attitude will suffer if you don't keep a good self-image. Even if you don't care about how others think you look, care about how you look to yourself because it is important to your own attitude